Batm Ethical Case Study - 1412 Words

| A grim contradiction: The practice and consequences of corporate social responsibility by British American Tobacco in Malaysia * British American Tobacco Malaysia (BATM) was formed from he merger of Rothmans of Pall Mall (Malaysia) Berhad and Malaysian Tobacco Company Berhad on 3 November 1999. * Today, British American Tobacco Malaysia is the clear market leader with approximately 63% market share, and ranks amongst the top 25 companies on Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad in terms of market capitalisation. * British American Tobacco Malaysia manufactures and markets high quality tobacco products designed to meet diverse consumer preferences. Their portfolio includes well-established international names such as Dunhill, Kent and†¦show more content†¦* In Islam perspective, it teaches that the hand of the giver is better than that of the receiver and the Muslims have to understand that their rewards are to be received in hereafter. * The charity that they make would be reward in terms of ‘pahala’ and all muslims are encouraged to earned as much ‘pahala’ as they can as long as they still alive in the world. * One of the verses by Allah Almighty in the Holy Quran, â€Å"Surely the men and women who give in charity and give to Allah a goodly loan, they shall receive double and for them is a noble reward†- (Quran, 57:18). So, it means the rewards would be manifold for those Muslims that give in charity regardless of small or large charity that they do. * For Christians, they are encouraged to follow in the example of Jesus Christ, who was known for helping the poor, said by Council of Churches Malaysia secretary-general Rev Dr Herman Shastri. * Besides he also said that in the early years, the Churches also set an example to help others in needed and Christians generally contributed in three ways which are within the church community, visiting poor families at their homes or setting up dedicated charities. By doing all this charitable acts, it will strengthen and enforce their devotion to God. * Hinduism states that the service to the needy is service to God and the charitable acts should be

Short Story - 1249 Words

â€Å"Oh come on Mar, its not dangerous. Theres literally nothing down here,† whispered Kai as she continued walking, and Martin sighed, slowly taking another step down. â€Å"Look, Kai, I know that you’re angry with your dad and all, but dying in a dark tunnel isn’t really the best way to get back at him† â€Å"Oh shut up, will you? Someone’ll hear us† She took a step down, out of the moonlight that was barely filtering through the long-abandoned entrance windows, and the darkness seemed to swallow her. They were in the old Park Street T Station, once a bustling station, now eerily quiet and dark. Kai had wanted to do something â€Å"rebellious† for Halloween, as she so often seemed to crave. Martin had agreed to go down to the station, as long as they†¦show more content†¦Kai slowed so that Martin could keep up, and they proceeded in a light jog so that Kai could focus on feeling for an old door or closet. Finally, after what felt like hours, but were mere minutes, Kai’s fingers hit metal, and sliding to a stop, she pulled open the door and yanked Martin inside, quickly shutting them in. Panting heavily, Martin leaned against the wall and slid down to the floor. Looking around, he saw some old buckets and shelves, and dark concrete walls, leading him to believe that they were in an old janitors closet. Kai put her finger to her lips and they both held their breath in complete silence for a few tense seconds as they listened for any sign that they had been followed. A few minutes went by with still no sound, and Kai broke the silence with a quiet laugh, â€Å"well, that was fun† Martin, however, was not laughing as he replied, â€Å"Where we are? We’re completely lost down here, and I told my mom that I’d be home by morning!† Kai sat next to Martin, and patting his arm said, â€Å"Don’t worry Mar, we know the general direction back, we’ll find it eventually. And even if we can’t find it, I’m sure someone will have to come down here at some point, right? I mean it’s Halloween, I’m sure the police are expecting kids to sneak around the T† Exasperated, Martin grabbed his backpack and held it to his face as he screamed into it. Although the screams were muffled, Kai could hear them bouncing off the walls ofShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. 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In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. 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Case Study on Cholecystectomy for Pathophysiology- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCase Study on Cholecystectomy for Pathophysiology. Answer: Introduction This report aims to critically analyze the case study of Mrs. Beryl Hayes, who has been admitted to the ward for a laproscopic cholecystectomy. Beryl has undergone a surgery and is now still in the hospital. She has not been discharged from the hospital as no improvement is seen in her condition, and already 3 days had already passed by after the surgery. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is usually done to remove the gall stones from the gall bladder. This process involves two methods- Open cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholcystectomy. This report has focused on the laparoscopic method as per the given case study. This report will be discussing about the physiology and the pathophysiology of her conditions. Assessment has been done depending on the evidence based practice. The latter part of the discussion also throws light upon the type of care that has to be provided to the patient. The report also discusses about the discharge plan that has to be prepared for the patient and help him to return to his daily activities with ease. Discussion Pathophysiology Laparoscopic cholesystectomy is usually done to remove the gall bladder. It is usually done it patients, who have developed stones or infections in the gall bladder. Normally after a cholecystectomy, a person is unable to go home, the same day, but is generally discharged after a one night stay. Post operative complications may arise which can extend the stay in the hospital. A gallstone normally consists of bile saturated with cholesterol. The hypersaturation is caused due to the greater percentage of the cholesterol concentration than its solubility. This is mainly caused due to the hypersecreation of the cholesterol metabolism (Stinton and Shaffer. 2012). Loss of balance between the crystallization promoting proteins and crystallization inhibiting proteins, leads to the formation of the cholesterol crystals with bile (Joseph et al. 2012). Mucin is a glycoprotein that is secreted by the bilary epithelial cells, which has been documented by a pronucleating protein. The lessened degradation of mucin by the lysosomal enzymes is found to be responsible for the formation of the cholesterol crystals (Reshetnyak. 2012). The Loss of motility of the gall bladder muscular wall and excessive contraction of thee sphincter is also responsible for the formation of gall bladder crystals. The hypo motility of the muscular walls generates bilestasis for an extended peri od of time, including a lessened reservoir function. As the bile cannot flow, it leads to the accumulation of bile and a higher chance of stone formation. Improper filling and a higher percentage of hepatic bile diverted from the gall bladder to the bile duct can be caused due to the hypomotility (Pasternak et al. 2013). Sometimes Gallstones are made up of bilirubin. It is a chemical that is produced due to the breakdown of the red blood cells. Infection in the bile tract and an increased level of enterohepatic cycle of bilirubin can lead to the formation of bilirubin stone formation. Bilirubin stones are often called as the pigmented stones (Joseph et al. 2012). As the pressure on the gall bladder increases, the organ becomes larger in size, the blood supply decreases and repeated inflammation leads to acute cholecystitis. Cholecystitis may also give rise to gall stone pancreatitis which is a life threatening condition (Joseph et al. 2012). Sometimes the gall blader can be infected with microorganisms. An inflamed gallbladder can lead to gas gangerene and suffer from necrosis, which can ultimately lead to sepsis (Joseph et al. 2012). Patient assessment It is required to assess the secondary body function after the surgery, which includes a head to toe format. Any problem in any of this assessment may lead to adverse conditions. CNS- acute cholecystitis can lead to anoxic brain injury. With the severity of the condition it can lead to an elevated brain natriuretic peptide level. CVS Color- straw colored urination. Normally, the T-tube may drain up to 500 mL in the first 24 hours after surgery; drainage decreases to less than 200 mL in 2 or 3 days, and is minimal thereafter. Drainage may be tinged with blood initially, which can change to brown. Excessive drainage immediately (after 48 hours, drainage greater than 500 mL is considered excessive). Pulse- 125 (elevated pulse rate), which can be due to the trauma and fear for the pain post surgery. Blood pressure- 110/60, which signifies her blood pressure quite normal. Respiratory rate- 26, which is the standard RR for elderly patients like Ms Beryl. Chest pain- No chest pain had been reported, although patients might have chest pain due to aspiration and the respiratiory distresses in elderly patient like Ms .beryl. Cap refill- Prolonged cap refill time. A prolonged cap refill time in patient may signify shock and decreased rate of peripheral perfusion. Prolonged cap refill time may indicate peripheral artery disease. Abdominal- Abdominal muscles may ache, flatulent, bloating. Continuous bile flow in the upper intestinal tract can lead to esophagitis and gastritis. Diarrhea and colicky lower abdominal pain may result (Marker et al. 2012). Renal condition- No change has been observed in the arterial blood flow and the renal blood flow. If proper assessment is not done then acute renal failure may occur following laparoscopic surgery. Skin- The patient might experience severe itching; she will have three incisions in her stomach, skin remains itchy and dry. The wound must be kept clean and dry to prevent any infection. Regular dressing is required to avoid any infections. Infections may lead to fever and can increase the risks especially in the elderly patients (Kortram et al. 2012). Social/ family- A proper post operative care by the family can help to bring down the complications. The post operative period requires care as the patient cannot do intensive activities on her own, so it is important to provide him with support. Extensive physical exercise is not permitted as it can increase the complications. Prioritization of care Doctors are not responsible for the post operative care that has to be provided after cholecystectomy (Philibert, Nasca, Brigham and Shapiro. 2013). Nursing plans- To monitor effective breathing patterns- Breathing patterns may be ineffective, this can be due to pain, muscular impairment. The patient sometimes suffers from Tachypnea, holding breath. It is essential to observe the ausculate breath sounds, respiratory depths, to show how to splint incision to the patient. The patient should be provided support in the abdomen while coughing. To observe the color and the characteristics of the discharge- changing of the dressings when required, to change dressings, application of montegomery straps, proper disposal of the ostomy bags (cubas et al. 2012). Checking of the T- tubes and incisional drains, note the consistency and color of the stool, maintenance of the T tube in a closed collection system to prevent skin irritation and reduce the risk of contamination, sufficient tubing should be allowed to permit free turning facility (Yokoe et al. 2012). The vital signs should be monitored, mucous membrane should be assessed, signs of bleeding should be observed. The IQ, including the drainage frm the NG tube and the wound should be assessed properly. All the laboratory signs should be monitored properly (Doenges, Moorhouse and Murr. 2014). Post operative pain can be assessed and monitored and painkillers can be given consulting with the physician. Opoids can be given for moderate to severe pains. Fir the patients who have a high risk in pulmonary disease epidural LA and the opoids in combination can be administered (Bercy et al. 2013). Should check the risk of aspirations- Before any surgery, general anesthesia is used. It relaxes the muscles of the body and suppresses the sensation of pain. It can lead to aspiration as the person does not remain conscious to swallow or gag. Should help the patient to move and take measures against unintentional falls in elderly patients (Bercy et al. 2013). It should be kept in mind that the presence of the surgical incisions may lead to increased pain due to movement; therefore the patient becomes reluctant to any movement. Thus the patient should be encouraged to make movements. Several other factors are also there that has to be monitored. Discharge Plan Prescribe pain medicine- Application of the NSAIDs, to decrease the swelling and the pain, stool softener or laxatives to avoid constipation, iron tonics. It should be kept in mind that the NSAIDs can cause kidney problems or bleeding in the stomach, so a doctor should always be consulted with (Regimbeau et al. 2014). Surgical wounds should be looked upon carefully; the wounds should be kept dry and clean. Shower is permitted after 24 hours from the surgery. Easily digestible food has to be taken followed by enough fluids. Low fat foods should be consumed for about a month, as the gall bladder had a part in the digestion of the fat, so the body needs to be given some time to digest fat without the gall bladder (Dumphy et al. 2015). Plenty of liquids should be taken to prevent dehydration and to facilitate proper bowel movement and to prevent constipation. Avoid intense exercises or activities post operation. Need to provide a follow up within next two weeks from the surgery. Contact the healthcare provider if one has got fever, nausea, pain which is not relieved by the medicines, one has a sign of redness or welling around the incision or blood or puss is leaking out of the incision, having constant constipation or diarrhea, a doctor should also be contacted with if signs of vomiting persists, bowel movements are pale or black or bloody (Naoman et al. 2013). A medical help is also needed if the person is coughing up blood, feeling lightheadedness, having chest pain or the arms and the legs are feeling warm, tender and painful. Return to work is only permitted as soon as the pain is controlled and one feels comfortable to go outside. For some it is 5-7 days after the surgery (Philbert et al. 2013). Conclusion Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has decreased the risks of the open surgery and can be managed easily with a proper management and a proper discharge plan. It has become the preferred treatment for cholecystitis. Laparoscopic method reduces the risk of surgery and helps the person to return back to its normal activity within a very small time, unlike open surgery. In spite of that patients often encounter with problem which can be avoided by providing proper medications and holistic care approach. Proper assessment of the patient, monitoring if the signs and symptoms and providing proper pharmacological and evidence based nursing care can bring about improvement in the deteriorating condition of the patient. From this report it can be understood what interventions can be done for Mr. Beryl to improve her conditions. References Berci, G., Hunter, J., Morgenstern, L., Arregui, M., Brunt, M., Carroll, B., Edye, M., Fermelia, D., Ferzli, G., Greene, F. and Petelin, J., 2013. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: first, do no harm; second, take care of bile duct stones. Cubas, R.F., Gmez, N.R., Rodriguez, S., Wanis, M., Sivanandam, A. and Garberoglio, C.A., 2012. Outcomes in the management of appendicitis and cholecystitis in the setting of a new acute care surgery service model: impact on timing and cost.Journal of the American College of Surgeons,215(5), pp.715-721. Doenges, M.E., Moorhouse, M.F. and Murr, A.C., 2014.Nursing care plans: Guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span. FA Davis. Dunphy, L.M., Winland-Brown, J., Porter, B. and Thomas, D., 2015.Primary care: Art and science of advanced practice nursing. FA Davis. Joseph, M., Phillips, M.R., Farrell, T.M. and Rupp, C.C., 2012. Single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with a higher bile duct injury rate: a review and a word of caution.Annals of surgery,256(1), pp.1-6. Kortram, K., van Ramshorst, B., Bollen, T.L., Besselink, M.G., Gouma, D.J., Karsten, T., Kruyt, P.M., Nieuwenhuijzen, G.A., Kelder, J.C., Tromp, E. and Boerma, D., 2012. Acute cholecystitis in high risk surgical patients: percutaneous cholecystostomy versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy (CHOCOLATE trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Trials,13(1), p.7. Markar, S.R., Karthikesalingam, A., Thrumurthy, S., Muirhead, L., Kinross, J. and Paraskeva, P., 2012. Single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) vs. conventional multiport cholecystectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis.Surgical endoscopy,26(5), pp.1205-1213. Naumann, D.N., Quinn, M., Sivanesan, S., Farooq, U., Hendrickse, C.W. and Bowley, D.M., 2013. Preventing readmissions: are we doing enough?.British Journal of Healthcare Management,19(7), pp.348-353. Pasternak, A., Gil, K., Matyja, A., Gajda, M., Sztefko, K., Walocha, J.A., Kulig, J. and Thor, P., 2013. Loss of gallbladder interstitial Cajal?like cells in patients with cholelithiasis.Neurogastroenterology Motility,25(1). Philibert, I., Nasca, T., Brigham, T. and Shapiro, J., 2013. Duty-hour limits and patient care and resident outcomes: can high-quality studies offer insight into complex relationships?.Annual review of medicine,64, pp.467-483. Regimbeau, J.M., Fuks, D., Pautrat, K., Mauvais, F., Haccart, V., Msika, S., Mathonnet, M., Scott, M., Paquet, J.C., Vons, C. and Sielezneff, I., 2014. Effect of postoperative antibiotic administration on postoperative infection following cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis: a randomized clinical trial.Jama,312(2), pp.145-154. Reshetnyak, V.I., 2012. Concept of the pathogenesis and treatment of cholelithiasis.World journal of hepatology,4(2), p.18. Stinton, L.M. and Shaffer, E.A., 2012. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer.Gut and liver,6(2), p.172. van Baal, M.C., Besselink, M.G., Bakker, O.J., van Santvoort, H.C., Schaapherder, A.F., Nieuwenhuijs, V.B., Gooszen, H.G., van Ramshorst, B., Boerma, D. and Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group, 2012. Timing of cholecystectomy after mild biliary pancreatitis: a systematic review.Annals of surgery,255(5), pp.860-866. Yokoe, M., Takada, T., Strasberg, S.M., Solomkin, J.S., Mayumi, T., Gomi, H., Pitt, H.A., Gouma, D.J., Garden, O.J., Bchler, M.W. and Kiriyama, S., 2012. New diagnostic criteria and severity assessment of acute cholecystitis in revised Tokyo Guidelines.Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences,19(5), pp.578-585.

Investigating Vitamin C free essay sample

Vitamin C is found in green vegetables, fruits, and potatoes. It is essential for a healthy diet. The chemical name for vitamin C is ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid is a good reducing agent and therefore it is easily oxidised. Methods for the detection of vitamin C involve titrating it against a solution of an oxidising agent. Where to start There are several oxidising agents that can be used and a commonly used one is 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol or DCPIP. You need to standardise this against a known concentration of vitamin C. This means finding out how much DCPIP reacts with a known amount of vitamin C. You can check the end point colour by testing a small amount of vitamin C with the DCPIP and observe the disappearance of the blue colour. The end point is usually a pink colour that persists for about 15 seconds or longer. Practical Techniques You will need to find out about the technique of titration and how to make up accurate solutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating Vitamin C or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Possible Investigations  · Investigate the reliability of this method at different concentrations and under different conditions. You may also find slightly different procedures for the DCPIP analysis – are they more accurate/easier?  · Investigate other analytical agents such as iodine and Nbromosuccinimide. How do they compare to DCPIP?  · Investigate the stability of ascorbic acid under different conditions such as temperature, light and air/oxygen.  · Investigate the amount of vitamin C in foodstuffs and the effect of cooking them.  · It has been shown that vitamin C can interfere with the blue-black colour of the starch iodine complex. The vitamin C can turn it from blue-black to colourless. Investigate the possibility of using this reaction to determine vitamin C concentration.

How Mary Shelley Creates Sympathy For Monster English Literature Essay Essays

How Mary Shelley Creates Sympathy For Monster English Literature Essay Essays How Mary Shelley Creates Sympathy For Monster English Literature Essay Essay How Mary Shelley Creates Sympathy For Monster English Literature Essay Essay Mary Shelley might hold written Frankenstein because she was challenged by her hubby and Lord Byron to see who could compose the best horror narrative while they were remaining at Villa Diolati by Lake Geneva in Switzerland. Her male parent was interested in Galvanism- running electric currents through the organic structure to reconstruct it to life. In the book, Victor Frankenstein uses similar methods to make the monster. She was besides influenced by the plants of Samuel Taylor and Aaron Burr. First, Shelley tries to make understanding for the monster by depicting his visual aspect in a alone yet hideous manner: he s gigantic ; about eight pess ; deformed ; black lips and in conclusion, yellow tegument barely covered the work of musculuss and arterias beneath . When you link these descriptions together, Shelley creates a vivid, unnatural image of the monster in the head s oculus. This creates understanding for the monster by doing him detestable to typical worlds. Normally when person is different in the society, they are pitied, oppressed or threatened by the bulk. Second, Shelley tries to make understanding for the monster the remarks Victor makes behind his dorsum. He says before doing him that he hoped his creative activity would bless him as his creator . He besides believed the monster to hold happy and excellent nature and be beautiful . His words betrayed him when the monster was created. Alternatively of his work being beautiful, he says he s a filthy creative activity , he s ugly , horrid and a demonical cadaver . This makes us sympathize for the monster because his male parent, his Godhead detests him. If the adult male that should be his male parent does non like him, it does non give him much hope with other people. The pick of words here are really affectional, it makes the reader feel understanding and sorrow for the monster. Frankenstein s brother, William, besides detests the monster ; he states he s a monster! An ugly wretch! and an monster . This besides makes us experience poignance for the monster because even though he has done no injury to William at that point, he is able to be prejudice merely by looking at his visual aspect. Third, Shelley tries to make understanding for the monster through remarks said to his face, Frankenstein says he s a vile insect , and besides adds cursed be the twenty-four hours in which you foremost saw light! The linguistic communication Shelly uses here is really powerful and affectional. He farther goes on to state, Shall I create another similar yourself, whose articulations evil might abandon the universe? This is even harsher as it is coming from his Godhead. It makes the reader want to soothe the monster and assist him. He is lonely. All it wants is person to wish him, person who would handle him like he s a individual, non a thing or an insect. Fourthly, Shelley tries to make understanding for the monster through what people do to him. Victor sprang on him and he flung his custodies from his eyes with force . This makes the reader feel sorry for the monster by doing the monster sound helpless. He does nt merit this intervention. Victor farther goes on to tear up his girlfriend to pieces- merely because the monster happened to be smiling at her. We feel empathy for the monster because it makes us gain that he has feelings like everyone else. A adult male in the forests merely took one glimpse and he tore the miss from his weaponries aimed a gun at his organic structure, and fired . This makes us gain how dismaying people behave towards him. The adult male does nt even give a opportunity to explicate his ground for keeping the girl- his visual aspect is good plenty. These actions make us experience commiseration for him because we know he is guiltless and all he wants is a friend. The 5th manner Shelley tries to do us experience sorry for the monster is through peoples reaction to him. Victor could nt and would nt look at him ; he was unable to digest the facet of being he had created . He thinks of his creative activity as a putrid barbarian without believing hoe helpless and unwanted the monster feels by his male parent s reactions. We would nt wish it if children shrieked and women fainted merely from looking at us, would we? The 6th manner Shelley tries to make understanding for the monster is though his actions when he comes to life. The monster muttered some unarticulate sounds to Frankenstein, he so smiled at Frankenstein, a smile wrinkled his cheeks . When the monster tries to touch Victor, he reacted severely. If person rejected us merely for being ourselves, we would experience truly sad. When the monster turned off, disquieted, from a window he could see a miss fondly being lifted by her male parent. We feel sorry for the monster because we see how loving the adult male was to his kid while Frankenstein loathes the monster. Her pick of linguistic communication makes him sound vulnerable and emotional. He even wept when the household were upset, demoing he has feelings for others, non merely for himself. Finally Shelley attempts to make understanding for the monster through his address. He says all work forces hate the deplorable! These words create understanding for the monster because he knows he s been rejected by society for the manner he looks. It is nt his mistake the manner he looks. Peoples should hold given him a opportunity and judged him on his personality instead than his face. In decision, Mary Shelley makes us sympathize for the monster through his visual aspect, his actions, his address and how others react to him. She gets across this by her pick of words. She uses affectional linguistic communication brightly.

Older vs. Elder

Older vs. Elder Older vs. Elder Older vs. Elder By Mark Nichol Which comparative adjectival term meaning â€Å"more advanced in age† is more correct in usage? Many people still prefer to use elder and its superlative eldest, but they tend to be, well, older; the choice of that last word is becoming the alternative of choice. One reason is that there is no word eld to serve as the basis of elder and eldest; it seems more sensible to many to progress from old to older to oldest. (There, are, however, other comparative/superlative pairs with no related basis: better and best progress from good, and worse and worst regress from bad.) More significantly, though, is the grammatical limitation of elder: One can write, â€Å"He has an elder brother† and â€Å"He is the elder of the two† but not â€Å"He is elder than John.† (The prohibition isn’t logical, but it’s there.) In addition to â€Å"He has an older brother† and â€Å"He is the older of the two,† conversely, â€Å"He is older than John† is considered proper. Another limitation is that elder and eldest apply only to people, but older and oldest may refer to people and inanimate objects alike. Also, although elder and eldest may refer to relative age within a family, the terms are not applied in other social contexts (besides isolated applications such as â€Å"elder statesman,† which refers to a wise and experienced but not necessarily older politician or other authoritative figure): One writes, â€Å"He is the eldest brother† but â€Å"He is the oldest child in the school.† (Keep in mind, too, that though elder and elderly imply advanced age, one does not need to be long in the tooth to be the elder of two siblings or the eldest of three or more.) Elder is descended from the Old English word eldra, which refers to a parent or other older person. (The etymology of the name of the elder tree is unrelated.) The usage in â€Å"Respect your elders† shows its age, but the term is still employed in a religious context to refer to church leaders; an older term for church elders, presbyter, is from the Greek word presbyteros which means â€Å"elder† by way of Latin. (Presbyter was ultimately altered to priest.) Elder is sometimes seen in genre fiction such as fantasy novels to impart a romantic cachet to a bygone era: â€Å"Long ago, in the Elder Days . . . .† Elderly persists as both an adjective and a noun (â€Å"the elderly†), though some consider it demeaning and prefer older as a simpler modifier and â€Å"senior citizens† or just seniors to refer to the demographic. Interestingly, the Old English predecessor of the adjective, ealdorlic, had several superlative senses: â€Å"authentic, chief, excellent, princely.† Older and elder, as you may have guessed when you were younger, share an origin: They both stem from a Germanic root that produce the variants ald and eald. (Adult and adolescent are related words.) The former term survives in alderman (once also ealdorman), a quaint alternative to â€Å"council member† that persists mostly in the Northeast United States and originally meant â€Å"chief, ruler,† and in the Scottish auld as in â€Å"auld lang syne† another variation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesHang, Hung, Hanged10 Writing Exercises to Tighten Your Writing

Pablo Picasso - Art Is a Form of Expression Essay

Pablo Picasso - Art Is a Form of Expression - Essay Example The essay "Pablo Picasso - Art Is a Form of Expression" concerns Pablo Picasso, the incredible artist. Art has undergone different changes to derive new meaning and influence the world in many ways. Modern art has advanced with the effort of Picasso starting from the notorious cubism inventions to the present accomplishments in the contemporary world. The artist success in the sphere of art makes an impact in the historical and the present world that we live in since he is a person with rare talent and a bona fide being whose craft speaks for everyone that embraces artistry. Picasso has a profound influence to most of his works during his life. Some of his approaches define art in the 50’s. The artist thought is that cubism can supersede abstract expressionists. The Museum of modern art in New York has a collection of Pablo Picasso exhibits. MOMA exhibition has different paintings of Picasso. Pablo Ruiz Picasso is born in a creative family where his father was a painter and he too had talent in that field. According to the testimony of his mother, his first word was piz that means pencil. As a child, Picasso’s parents realized his talents when he drew a bullfight picture and provided him with all the tools to enable him nurture the talent. The family relocated to Barcelona and Picasso enrolled in a local school of art where his father attended as drawing tutor. His talent enabled him to skip the basic courses and join advanced courses. Later on Pablo travelled to Madrid to join the Royal Academy.

Jack Gruber review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jack Gruber review - Assignment Example The website is extremely easy to navigate due to its simple design. The website takes least time to load its content thus considered satisfactory. The website design has considerable influence on the displayed works since it enables users to explore the website for all content that the photojournalist seeks to present to the viewers. The photographs that Jack Gruber has presented the viewers are displayed in flash thus enhancing the outlook of the website, in addition to presenting, the most eye-catching photographs to the viewers. The videos have been displayed with proper organization that makes certain that the video has an explanation of the events that were caught on camera. Every video has its own story thus reducing cases of confusion for the viewers. Other multimedia have also been aligned similarly to the videos thus maintaining uniformity. The website has a blog that offers the viewers a link to viewer the presented stories in detail. The website has contact and biographic information concerning the photojournalist that allows viewers to communicate with Jack Gruber through either e-mail or phone (Jack). Viewers have been requested to connected and search archives under a category for archives. Additionally, the website contains a category for published works. Therefore, the website can be deemed to maintain personal

What Matters in Time Essay Example for Free

What Matters in Time Essay Im never gonna do that again . . . . During my work as a staff nurse, any time I heard one of the patients going through detox make this vow, I would cringe and think: Sure, you will. You all do. Its just a matter of time. I dont know why you even bother going through detox. Its a waste of time and money. You just need to stop doing whatever youve been doing and just stop drinking. Its plain and simple. Just quit drinking. Those thoughts, however, occured prior to my attending the Therapeutic Interventions (Alcohol) Course. While attending this seminar, the more I learned about detox from alcohol, the more I began to assess my faulty thinking regarding individuals who, for whatever reasons, seemed incapable or unwilling to change their destructive drinking patterns. Most of the people I worked with, I felt, were not at the ideal point I heard about during this training, where they wanted to change and/or stop drinking. (Raistrick, 2004, p. 41) Those I encountered in my work at an acute medical ward had usually been admitted wiith high alcohol intake. Most of the time, my feelings toward them were ambivalent. During the time they were in my care, withdrawing from alcohol on Benzodiazepins-Chordiazepoxide, I treated them without empathy. I felt I knew each of these patients, even before I heard their story or studied their chart. Even though I didnt consider myself to be at the point I was void of any feelings toward these individuals, nevertheless, I made a point to keep a safe emotional distance from them. In a sense, my feelings were numbed as I repeatedly watched what I perceived to be a merry-go-round of their self-inflicted madness. In my mind, these individuals needed something more than what they were receiving from the detox program. More often than not, I found myself thinking disparaging thoughts, as I watched those struggling through planned detoxifications, alongside others unwillingly commited to the detox program. In planned detoxifications, I learned during training, individuals are more likely to succeed with maintinaing sobriety, if they want to discontinue drinking. During an immenent need to detox, however, when someone is hospitalized or has been arrested and/or locked up to begin serving a prison sentence, when alcohol detoxification may or may not be pre-planned, if the person does not want to change, success is less likely. A second detox scenario occurs when individuals enter a residential treatment program. At this time, alcohol detoxification is considered routine. A third type detoxification tranpires at times, following a period of sobriety, in order for a person to restablaize. (Raistrick, 2004, p. 41) Toms detox, I felt, represented the third kind. Prior to detox training, my feelings of frustration intensifired whenever I would work with some of the repeat detoxers like Tom*, an old man in his early forties. I had watched Tom go through the same detox scenario four times during the past two years. Tom sometimes became so confused he would forget where he was and try to leave the unit. I have to go home now. My wife wants me to cook lunch for her today. Its her birthday. Tom told me one day right before his evening meal. I knew Toms wife had left him several years ago. Later, I had to stop him when he tried to walk out the door behind one of the orderlies. No, Tom, you cant leave here yet. Youve only been in detos two days, I said. You have to remain here at least another 5 days. Attending this course helped me understand that like Toms, a patients confusion during detox is normal. Individuals detoxing, one speaker stressed, may display symptoms from anxiety, panic attacks, depression, insomnia, and with increasing severity, hallucinations . . . to the terrors of delirium tremens in which orientation in time, place and person is lost, and vivid hallucinations are experienced along with clouding of consciousness (akin to dreaming whilst awake). (Petersen Mcbride, 2002, p. 167) Prior to attending the Therapeutic Interventions (Alcohol) Course, I did not seriously note that one of the vital reasons detox needs to take place within care of medical personnel as â€Å"detoxing from alcohol can be fatal. Alcohol, para. 2) When alcohol is suddenly taken away from a person who has been abusing it for a long period of time, that persons body experiences reactions which could prove to be deadly. Matrisha*, another patient I became frustrated with during her detox, on the other hand, knew exactly where she was, along with the date and time. She also made a point to repeatedly upset the others in the ward. Recently, when another nurses caught Matrisha riffling through another patients night stand and helping herself to candy, she confronted her. Matrisha, like other detoxing patients at times, became aggressive and violent. Although I tried to understand patients like Tom and Matrisha, however, the merry-go-round these patients seemed to choose to ride didnt make sense. Knowledge I gained while attending the Therapeutic Interventions( Alcohol) Course helped me begin understand concepts contributing to the mirage of difficulties those detoxing regularly experience. The time invested in this learning also helped me begin to see these people as individuals just like me. Even though we may struggle with different scenarios in life, and even though at times, I may not fully understand what those in detox were going through, this training helped me realize I could try to empahatize with them. Instead of building a fence between myself and patients in detox, I could remember a point promoted by one prominent speaker. The success of these centres (sic) depends upon training staff to feel confident about monitoring withdrawal in order to identify those clients who are in need of medical help, and training that enablesstaff quickly to form a helping alliance with clients. (Raistrick, 2004, p. 41- 42) I could also make a point to be one of the staff to take training seriouusly and whenever possible help without cringing. I could also, as AD counselor encourage those going through alcohol detox and treatment, look within myself to see how I could change for the better. Attending the Therapeutic Interventions (Alcohol) Course proved to be more helpful than I anticipated and allowed me to see how I could improve within my self and strengthen my professional and personal skills. As I reflect on things I learned, I understand that I could have listened more to what patents were telling me with their words and actions. I remind myself often that my job as as a staff nurse in detox is to help bring those going through the painful difficult medical, physical, and emotional aspects is vital. Alcohol detox is the first step in the treatment of alcoholism. The recovery of the alcoholic cannot begin until they have undergone alcohol detox. And since alcoholism is a disease that kills, alcohol detox is the first line of defense in saving the patients life. ALCOHOl† para. 1-5; 7) As I work with others to try to help problems drinkers come to a point they are ready to change and realize their life would be better without alcohol, I no longer focus on their past failures. I stive, instead, to be supportive and encourage them to do their best today. (Raistrick, 2004, p. 40) Toady, I no longer cringe when someone tells me, Im never gonna do that again . . .. Nor does something in detox that does not make sense upset me. Some things, I realize, dont have to be completely understood. When I try to understand what it feels like to walk in another persons shoes and look at the world through their eyes, however, that matters. Today, I have more respect for the patients entrusted to my care. I have gained a sense of empathy for their plight. What does matter, I now understand, is that time invested in helping another person, in or out of detox, does matter. *Names of indviduals portrayed in paper have been changed. References ALCOHOL DETOX. retrieved May 5, 2006 from http://www. spencerrecovery. com/alcohol- detox. html. Champney-Smith, J. (2002). Chapter 22 Dual Diagnosis. In Working with Substance Misusers: A Guide to Theory and Practice, Petersen, T. Mcbride, A. (Eds. ) (pp. 267-273). New York: Routledge. Lewis, J. , Williams, S. (2002). Chapter 15 Home Detoxification. In Working with Substance Misusers: A Guide to Theory and Practice, Petersen, T. Mcbride, A. (Eds. ) (pp. 197-204). New York: Routledge. Petersen, T. Mcbride, A. (Eds. ). (2002). Working with Substance Misusers: A Guide to Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge. Raistrick, D. (2004). Chapter 3 Alcohol Withdrawal and Detoxification. In The Essential Handbook of Treatment and Prevention of Alcohol Problems, Heather, N. Stockwell, T. (Eds. ) (pp. 35-48). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

The State Washington State :: essays research papers

A REPORT ON WASHINGTON STATE The State of Washington is located in the far northwest corner of the United States. It has 66,582 square miles between the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Idaho boarder to the east. Washington borders Canada on the north and Oregon on the south along the Columbia River. Washington is the 20th largest state and has very different western and eastern natural environments, which are divided by the Cascade Range. It is home to 6 million residents (2001 census estimate) who are employed in a diverse economy dominated by aviation; software and other technological enterprises; wheat, apples, beans, and other agriculture; forest products; and fishing. The state is a major exporter of manufactured goods, foodstuffs, raw materials, and hydroelectricity, and it is a popular tourist destination. Today Washington is home to numerous Native American tribes and has been for at least 10,000 years. The first European explorers and traders visited in the late 1700s. Lewis and Clark followed the Snake River and Columbia River to arrive at the Pacific Ocean by what is known as Long Beach today, in November 1805. The Hudson’s Bay Company had major forts and trading stations in the early 1800s, along with American fur traders, settlers, and missionaries. Great Britain and the United States together occupied the area between 1818 and 1846. Then Britain gave the Pacific Northwest below the 49th parallel to the U.S. Two years later, the U.S. created Oregon Territory, which included the future states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho and part of Montana. Washington Territory, which included Idaho and western Montana until 1863 was separated from Oregon on March 2,1853, and gained statehood on November 11, 1889. Olympia has been the capital of Washington Territory and State since 1853. Seattle is the state’s most populous city with a population of 563,000 in 2000, followed in rank by Spokane, Tacoma, Vancouver, Bellevue, and Everett. Political History The federal government created Oregon Territory on August 14, 1848. The area of the new jurisdiction included what we know as Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and western Montana today. Finding gold in California in 1848 started a large migration westward of people, and the settlement of Oregon Territory was promoted by the passage of the Donation Land Claims Act of 1850, which gave 160 acres to any U.S. citizen who agreed to stay on his or her land for five years. On August 29, 1851, 27 male settlers met at Cowlitz Landing to ask Congress for a separate â€Å"Columbia Territory† that would cover the area between the Columbia River and 49th parallel.

California State Law Essay

What Bidders Edge did may be considered as an innovation in the emerging electronic commerce industry. Linking as what was specified in the article made thinks easier for bigger websites such as e-bay to be viewed in by a lot people. Summing up the intention of Bidders Edge, we could conclude that what the company did is to provide the buyer’s the best price possible for anything that they want to buy. In the process, Bidder’s Edge would obtain choices from various auction sites which consequently included e-bay. I believe that this one mattered to e-bay not entirely on the sense that Bidders Edge would trespass per se on e-bay servers but the latter would serve as a threat for e-bay in the future. Simply put, traditional trespass involves the manipulation, distribution, or access of private data or property without the approval of its owner. In this particular case, e-bay is a public domain with open access to everyone who has internet access. On the other hand, personal property means that anything that is movable as distinguished from real estate. In the case of e-bay and Bidders Edge, the latter did request fro legal access but was denied by the former. One thing where Bidders Edge made a wrong move was when they created proxy users in order to access e-bay servers thereby giving in legal grounds for e-bay to file a lawsuit under the provisions of California state laws on intellectual property infringements against Bidders Edge. Under California state laws, â€Å"Various things can be copyrighted: literature, drama, music, sound recordings, computer software, advertising copy, motion pictures, choreography, pantomimes, and architectural works†(Witkin, Witkin Legal Institute., & West Group., 2005). This gives e-bay the basis to file suit against anyone who intends unauthorized use of their servers. This is in contrast with the usual textbook definition that trespass to personal property may be altered if the medium may be proven as a public domain. Reference: Witkin, B. E., Witkin Legal Institute., & West Group. (2005). Summary of California law (10th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Witkin Legal Institute.      

Post operative care Essay

Whilst the patient is in PACU, identify and discuss airway management (and rationales) as related to the case study (400 words) The post-operative patient is at risk for respiratory problems due to ineffective airway clearance related to changes in pulmonary physiology and function caused by anaesthetics, narcotics, mechanical ventilation, hypothermia and surgery. With increased tracheobronchial secretions secondary to the effects of anaesthesia, combined with ineffective coughing, and decreased functions of the mucociliary clearance mechanism. (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011) Oxygen is commonly in place as it supports the elimination of anaesthetic gases and helps meet the increased metabolic demand for oxygen caused by the surgery (deWit, 2009). The sedation and muscle relaxation drugs used often cause the tongue to occlude the airway and for that reason endotracheal tubes or artificial airways are not removed until clients are awake and able to maintain their own airway (Berman & et.al, 2012). During the immediate post anaesthetic stage an unconscious client is positioned on the side, with the face slightly down, without the support of a pillow. In this position gravity keeps the tongue forward, preventing obstruction of the pharynx and allows the drainage of any mucous or vomitus out of the mouth rather than down the respiratory tract (Berman & et.al, 2012). Suction should always be readily available to clear secretions. Alternatively if the patient cannot be positioned on their sides the airway can be opened by moving the jaw forward (the nurse’s fingers are placed behind the angle of the jaw, lifting it forward. As the Jaw moves, the tongue comes forward, opening the airway. (deWit, 2009) An artificial airway is maintained in place and the client is suctioned as needed until cough and swallowing reflexes have returned. Generally the client will spit out the oropharyngeal airway when coughing returns and the swallowing or gag reflex it intact (Berman & et.al, 2012) Auscultate the lungs carefully for abnormal sounds as this can indicate retained secretions. Encourage deep breathing and coughing every 2 hours or more for the first 72 hours post operatively. (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011) Assess the rate and depth of respirations as Hypostatic pneumonia occurs when lack of movement causes stasis of secretions encouraging bacteria  growth. Be certain to turn the patient every 2 hours as this changes the distribution of gas and blood flow in the lungs and helps move secretions. (deWit, 2009) Facilitate deep breathing and coughing by demonstrating how to splint abdominal and thoracic incisions with hands or a pillow. If indicated medicate  ½ hour before deep breathing, coughing or ambulation to promote adherence (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011) In order of priority, using evidence based literature, identify and discuss the nursing interventions (and rationales) required to care for the chosen patient in the first 24 hours upon returning to the ward. Nursing intervention/care presented needs to be accurate, relevant and Specific to the chosen case study. During the initial hours after returning to the ward the primary concerns for the nursing staff are that the patient has adequate ventilation, haemodynamic stability, no incisional pain, surgical site integrity, Post anaesthesia nausea and vomiting are under control, stable neurological status and that the patient is spontaneously voiding. (Smeltzer & Bare, 2011) Pulse rate, blood pressure and respiratory rates are recorded at least every 15 minutes for the first hour and then every 30 minutes for the next 2 hours. Temperature is monitored every 4 hours for the following 24 hours (Smeltzer & Bare, 2011). Assessments of the patient are to be done at frequent intervals during the first 24 hours postoperatively looking for indications of internal haemorrhage and impending shock. This includes pallor, diaphoresis, cool extremities, delayed capillary refill, restlessness, agitation, mental status changes and disorientations or an impending sense of doom (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011) . During the initial postoperative period it is important to orientate and reorientate the patient to person, place and time. Informing the client that the surgery is over and that everything went well. Repeating this information until the patient is fully awake and orientated helps to reduce anxiety and confusion (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011) Margaret is placed in a semi Fowlers position after she recovers from anaesthesia. Aside from being more  comfortable and having less strain on the sutures, the patient will also be able to take deep breaths and cough more easily in this position. (deWit , 2009) Pain assessments should be conducted during each observation for behavioural and physiologic indicators such as facial tension, grimacing, moaning, diaphoresis, increased BP, increased pulse and respiratory rates. (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011) Use any PRN doses of pain relief medications before pain becomes severe as well as before painful procedures, ambulation and bedtime ask the patient to describe the pain including description, location, and intensity and aggravating and alleviating factors (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011) Administer pain relief according to the World Health Organisations three step analgesic ladder. If the patient is still in pain some non-pharmacological pain control such as heat or cold packs, tens machines, massage, or distraction techniques may be helpful (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011) An assessment of the abdomen every 4-8 hours by inspection, auscultation, palpation and percussion for looking for any indications of distention and listening for signs of bowel sounds in all 4 quadrants of the abdomen (Berman & et.al, 2012). Monitor vital signs every 4-8 hours be alert to changes consistent with dehydration including decreasing blood pressure, increasing heart rate and slightly increased body temperature, dry skin and mucous membranes, skin turgor, diminished intensity of peripheral pulses and any alterations in mental status. Monitor the patients urine output and concentration. Checking the NPO status and in the absence of post anaesthesia nausea or vomiting introduce oral foods and fluids cautiously (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011) As Margaret has a BMI of 30 she is considered obese. Obesity is known to increase morbidity and mortality in the general population and thus is perceived as a risk factor contributing to postoperative complications such as pneumonia, wound infections and wound separations. (Doyle, Lysaght, & Reynolds, 2009) From a surgical perspective, obesity has long been considered a risk factor for adverse post- surgical outcomes as it is associated with pulmonary disorders including obesity hypoventilation syndrome, atelectasis and pulmonary embolism, as well as a possibility of cardiovascular, and wound healing complications. (Doyle, Lysaght, & Reynolds, 2009) Overweight patients are  also vulnerable to pressure ulcer formation due to positioning required for surgery therefore the perioperative nurse must provide adequate padding and other measures to protect the client’s skin. (Berman & et.al, 2012). Obesity can increase the risk of wound dehiscence both directly by increasing tension on the fascial edges at the time of wound closure, a nd indirectly, by increasing the risk of wound infection which is also a risk factor for wound break downs. (Doyle, Lysaght, & Reynolds, 2009) Margaret is placed in a semi Fowlers position after she recovers from anaesthesia. Aside from being more comfortable and having less strain on the sutures, the patient will also be able to take deep breaths and cough more easily in this position. (deWit, 2009) The use of incentive spirometer and other respiratory devices (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011) can also help to reduce the incidences of respiratory issues. Drainage must be checked frequently for signs of fresh bleeding, the drain is left in place as long as necessary and is then removed by the surgeon (deWit, 2009) The nurse needs to determine the colour, consistency and amount of drainage for all tubes and document accordingly (Berman & et.al, 2012). Evaluate patency of all surgically placed tubes or drains. Monitor insertion sites for indications of infection. Warmth, swelling, tenderness and unusual drainage. (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011). The wearing of compression bandages and the promotion of calf pumping, ankle circling, and foot board- pressing exercises to encourage circulation and prevent thrombophlebitis in the lower extremities (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011) Constipation can all be related to immobility, the use of opioid analgesics, dehydration and disruption of abdominal musculature. Auscultate each abdominal quadrant for at least 1 minute to determine presence of bowel sounds. Treatment is usually through stool softeners, high fibre diets and hydration (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011). Encouraging early and frequent ambulation can also help to improve gastrointestinal motility and to reduce abdominal distention by the accumulation of gases. (Monahan, Neighbors, & Green, 2011) As part of your role as a primary nurse for your patient, you are required to initiate discharge planning. Identify the allied health professional/s you would refer your case study patient to and discuss the rationale behind your referral, what treatment may this health professional/s provide. (300 Words) For Margaret’s discharge I would refer her to the following allied health professionals. Dietician- Would work with Margaret with the intention to assist her to reach optimal health and weight loss through food and nutrition. Providing expert nutritional advice for people of all ages and can prescribe dietary treatments for conditions such as obesity, diabetes and gastrointestinal diseases (Nutrition Australia, 2014) Post-acute care- Is a program that ensures a safe discharge for hospital by providing people with community based supports to help them recover in their home or community and to reduce the risk of readmission to hospital. Assessments of the persons needs are performed and includes the person’s healthcare and psychological needs. It includes community nursing, personal care, home care and allied health such as physiotherapy. (Monash Health, 2014) Wound care nurses or District nurses to help with: Client education for self-care †¢ Appropriate dressings/bandaging based on diagnosis and patient lifestyle preferences †¢ Cleansing and debridement of wound †¢ Hygiene (cleansing self and wound waterproofing as required) †¢ Diet (the importance of essential vitamins and minerals as required) †¢ Signs and symptoms of complications †¢ Bandaging/dressing techniques †¢ Exercise regimes †¢ Lifestyle factors/changes †¢ Disease process and health maintenance †¢ Prevention of recurrence (Fremantle Hospital and Health Service, 2012) †¢ Pain management †¢ Medications †¢ Analgesics †¢ Topical antimicrobials/antifungals †¢ Local anaesthetics †¢ Topical corticosteroids †¢ Oral antibiotics Follow up GP appoint to discuss any further issues and to remove any sutures if not done by the district nurses. References Berman, & et.al. (2012). Kozier and Erbs Fundamentals of Nursing. Frenchs Forest: Pearson. deWit, S. C. (2009). Medical- Surgical Nursing Concepts and Practice. Missouri: Saunders Elsevier. Doyle, S. L., Lysaght, J., & Reynolds, J. V. (2009). Diagonositc in Obesity and Complications. Obesity and post- operative complication undergoing non-bariatric surgery. Obesity Reviews, 875-886. Fremantle Hospital and Health Service. (2012). Nurse Practitioner Wound Management- Clinical Protocol Minor Surgical Procedures. Fremantle: Department of Health. Monahan, F. D., Neighbors, M., & Green, C. J. (2011). Swearingen’s Manual of Medical-Surgical Nursing: A Care Planning Resource. Maryland Heights: Elesevier Mosby. Monash Health. (2014). A world of healthcare. Retrieved August 29, 2014, from Monash Health: https://www.monashhealth.org/page/Services/Services_O_-_Z/Post_acute_care/ Smeltzer, S. C., & Bare, B. G. (2011). Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (2nd Australian And New Zealand ed. ed.). (M. Farrell, & J. Dempsey, Eds.) Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pty Ltd.

Free Essays on Liberal Intergovernmentalism

PAPER ON â€Å"LIBERAL INTERGOVERNMENTALISM† CAN WE APPLY THE LIBERAL INTERGOVERNMENTALIST THEORY TO THE BARGAINS OF THE EUROPEAN AGREEMENTS WITH THE VISEGRAD COUNTRIES (1990-1991) ? The historical events of 1989 with the collapse of the Iron Curtain created a unique historical situation in Europe: a new reintegration period between two political parties of the continent. The European Agreements were the first attempt of this reintegration period. When we look at the European Agreements made between the European Union and the Visegrad Countries (Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary) in 1990-1991, we see that they were signed after long bargaining period between both parties. In order to answer the topic question, we have to look at the basic aspects of the theory and the practices of the bargains of the European Agreements. Basically liberal intergovernmentalism includes a preference analysis (demand) and an intergovernmental bargain (supply) analysis. The former should be reflected by the interests of the European Union and the Visegrad Countries as the two parties, but there was the problem of diversified trade interests between the South and North countries within the European Union. The latter was purely existing in this bargaining process and showed the strength of the European Union in the trade regime. The Visagrad Countries were the regime takers, and suffered for their weak bargaining position. Another point was, that the European Agreemants had to be ratified in each member country just as constitutional changes have to, which illustrates the strong role of the state in the decision making structure, and this is also a main point in liberal intergovernmentalism. Shortly, the answer of the topic question is positive and the bargaining process of the European Agreements between the European Union and the Visegrad Countries can be explained with the liberal intergovernmentalist theory. Although there was some... Free Essays on Liberal Intergovernmentalism Free Essays on Liberal Intergovernmentalism PAPER ON â€Å"LIBERAL INTERGOVERNMENTALISM† CAN WE APPLY THE LIBERAL INTERGOVERNMENTALIST THEORY TO THE BARGAINS OF THE EUROPEAN AGREEMENTS WITH THE VISEGRAD COUNTRIES (1990-1991) ? The historical events of 1989 with the collapse of the Iron Curtain created a unique historical situation in Europe: a new reintegration period between two political parties of the continent. The European Agreements were the first attempt of this reintegration period. When we look at the European Agreements made between the European Union and the Visegrad Countries (Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary) in 1990-1991, we see that they were signed after long bargaining period between both parties. In order to answer the topic question, we have to look at the basic aspects of the theory and the practices of the bargains of the European Agreements. Basically liberal intergovernmentalism includes a preference analysis (demand) and an intergovernmental bargain (supply) analysis. The former should be reflected by the interests of the European Union and the Visegrad Countries as the two parties, but there was the problem of diversified trade interests between the South and North countries within the European Union. The latter was purely existing in this bargaining process and showed the strength of the European Union in the trade regime. The Visagrad Countries were the regime takers, and suffered for their weak bargaining position. Another point was, that the European Agreemants had to be ratified in each member country just as constitutional changes have to, which illustrates the strong role of the state in the decision making structure, and this is also a main point in liberal intergovernmentalism. Shortly, the answer of the topic question is positive and the bargaining process of the European Agreements between the European Union and the Visegrad Countries can be explained with the liberal intergovernmentalist theory. Although there was some...

The Chemistry of Carbohydrates

The Chemistry of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates, or saccharides, are the most abundant class of biomolecules. Carbohydrates are used to store energy, though they serve other important functions as well. This is an overview of carbohydrate chemistry, including a look at the types of carbohydrates, their functions, and carbohydrate classification. List of Carbohydrates Elements All carbohydrates contain the same three elements, whether the carbohydrates are simple sugars, starches, or other polymers. These elements are: Carbon (C)Hydrogen (H)Oxygen (O) Different carbohydrates are formed by the way these elements bond to each other and the number of each type of atom. Usually, the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is 2:1, which is the same as the ratio in water. What a Carbohydrate Is The word carbohydrate comes from the Greek word sakharon, which means sugar.  In chemistry, carbohydrates are a common class of simple organic compounds. A carbohydrate is an aldehyde or a ketone that has additional hydroxyl groups. The simplest carbohydrates are called monosaccharides, which have the basic structure (C ·H2O)n, where n is three or greater. Two monosaccharides link together to form a  disaccharide. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are called sugars and typically have names ending with the suffix -ose. More than two monosaccharides link together to form oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. In everyday usage, the word carbohydrate refers to any food that contains a high level of sugars or starch. In this context, carbohydrates include table sugar, jelly, bread, cereal, and pasta, even though these foods may contain other organic compounds. For example, cereal and pasta also contain some level of protein. The Functions of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates serve several biochemical functions: Monosaccharides serve as fuel for cellular metabolism.Monosaccharides are used in several biosynthesis reactions.Monosaccharides may be converted into space-saving polysaccharides, such as glycogen and starch. These molecules provide stored energy for plant and animal cells.Carbohydrates are used to form structural elements, such as chitin in animals and cellulose in plants.Carbohydrates and modified carbohydrates are important for an organisms fertilization, development, blood clotting, and immune system function. Examples of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactoseDisaccharides: sucrose, lactosePolysaccharides: chitin, cellulose Carbohydrate Classification Three characteristics are used to classify monosaccharides: Number of carbon atoms in the moleculeLocation of the carbonyl groupThe chirality of the carbohydrateAldose - monosaccharide in which the carbonyl group is an aldehydeKetone - monosaccharide in which the carbonyl group is a ketoneTriose - monosaccharide with 3 carbon atomsTetrose - monosaccharide with 4 carbon atomsPentose - monosaccharide with 5 carbon atomsHexose - monosaccharide with 6 carbon atomsAldohexose - 6-carbon aldehyde (e.g., glucose)Aldopentose - 5-carbon aldehyde (e.g., ribose)Ketohexose - 6-carbon hexose (e.g., fructose) A monosaccharide is D or L, depending on the orientation of the asymmetric carbon located furthest from the carbonyl group. In a D sugar, the hydroxyl group is on the right the molecule when written as a Fischer projection. If the hydroxyl group is on the left of the molecule, it is an L sugar.

Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

1 - Assignment Example The double entry system identifies and records all the accounting transactions. Measurement of accounting information involves making subjective judgment about the value of assets or liabilities relating to a business. It also involves measurement of profits or losses made in an accounting period. Accountants also record accounting data which is presented as economic information to users. It is referred to as economic information since it relates to the economic or financial activities of a business. The main financial statements that accountants prepare are the income statement, balance sheet and the cash flow statements (Warren et al, 2008). The balance sheet indicates the resources owned and owed by a business at a particular point in time. It also shows the investments made by the business and the sources of these investments. The income statement shows the profitability of a business while cash flow statement reflects the cash movement in and out of business. The preparation of all financial statements require the accounting professionals to apply all the set accounting processes to the latter in order to ensure relevance, reliability and understandability of the financial statements by the users. This is an indication that too much value of the accounting process is exercised by professionals in the identification, measuring, recording and communication of economic events. Q1. ... For example, Australia has adopted International Accounting Standards (IAS) to oversee accounting regulation in the country. The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) in the same country also identifies those priority issues in need of regulation. The following are the reason as to why regulation of the Preparation and presentation of accounting information is necessary in an organization. a) Accountability Accountability is one reason behind accounting regulation. It is based on the fact that the citizens and the stakeholders have the right to know. Financial information presented by accountants enables a business to be accountable. This is because the actions and activities of the business are produced in the reports. Information may be communicated through management reports, annual reports and accounts (Birt and Boland, 2010). Users need the information to make decisions. They get information on the financial position of the business and on its performance. Users of financial informa tion include governments, lenders, employees, shareholders and society at large. b) Transparency and Disclosure Transparency and disclosure of financial statements helps in preventing and detecting errors and fraud (Lee, 2007). Therefore, through preparation and preparation of financial statement errors and frauds can be detected. An auditor through tests can detect any errors or fraud and reflect them in the audit reports. Disclosure in financial statements must include the financial position like the balance sheet, performance like income statement and compliance like the notes to accounts. Investors can only provide funds for any investment in a company if they quite confident of ‘true’ and ‘fair’ presentation of financial statements. Transparency and

Salse and Planing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Salse and Planing - Essay Example The level of interaction is greater and feedback is generated in a positive manner. The convening opportunity to a consumer is more (ICMR, 2010). Trade Selling: The salesperson sells the products to marketing intermediaries like whole sellers and retailers. The consumers are not the direct prospects of the products. The intermediates are the actual consumers and they sell to direct clients (ICMR, 2010). The customer’s expectation towards the organization is difficult to evaluate. There has been decrease in the consumer satisfaction level and even the organizations huge investment towards Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Customer expectations are increasing in relation to salesperson information, swiftness of response, extent and deepness of communication, and customization of information and product/service offerings. Failure to respond and adopt new strategies will negatively affect the sales force. The competition is intense for revenue and market share. The cost to serve consumers plays a greater pressure on the salesman to perform under such situations. During the different phases of PLC due to lack of knowledge of competitor’s products, they might have to face problems. Lack of technology that helps the salespersons to supervise significant information throughout sales cycle and communicate in actual time with their companies, might affect the salesperson performance. In the extremely competitive circumstances, salespersons must be significantly careful about the phrases and the arguments they use and encouragements they offer in endeavouring to succeed the sales. Otherwise, they may be sued by the clients. The managerial forces in form of huge targets have the effect upon the sales force. With increasing competition among the sales managers they tend to push the limits of sales force which ultimately affects the sales force performance. Through the study of consumer behaviour, it is

Queer approach to analyzing mainstream culture Essay

Queer approach to analyzing mainstream culture - Essay Example f seeking to understand this to a greater and more complete level, this brief analysis will consider one scene of the film and attempt to go in depth with regards to the different understandings of sexuality, identity, and gender that are therein represented. The scene in question that this author has chosen for analysis is that of the discovery of Mulan as a woman. This scene is a powerful indication of cultural approaches to gender and sexuality in a number of ways. As such, the first determinant that will be measured is with relation to the identity that is revealed within the given scene. In this way, as the men of the story find out that Mulan is indeed a woman, she is manhandled and forced out of the residence. This is importance for a number of reasons. Firstly, the revelation of her true identity is something that gives the men in the story the courage to treat her in a way that they would have never considered before had she still been considered a man. Her identification as a woman does not only change the way that the men physically treat her but the way in which their worldview is formed with relation to how they think of her. This is represented in two distinct ways within the scene in question. Firstly, as she is taken forcibly from her tent and pushed into the snow, the viewer is made aware of the clear and determinate connection between this action and the rejection fro mthe Garden of Eden; also presumably he result of female weakness. The inclusion of this reference to early mythology is unique due to the fact that it serves to further differentiate the response of the men within the scene to the gender that Mulan now represents. With regards to gender, the men make a clear and determinate change in the way that they speak to Mulan after the revelation. Indeed, the characters state â€Å"I knew there was something wrong with you†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ a woman – treacherous snake† (Mulan 1). These words belie the true underlying motivations and

Effect of Acculturation on Social and Mental Health Services

Effect of Acculturation on Social and Mental Health Services Dana Adams    The Effect of Acculturation and how it Inhibits the use of Social and Mental Health Services among Mexican-American Elders. As the United States ages over the next several decades, its older population will become more racially and ethnically diverse (Ortman, Velkoff, Hogan, 2014). Between 2012 and 2050, it is stated the United States will experience considerable growth in its older population and by year 2050, the population aged 65 and over is projected to be 83.7 million, almost double its estimated population of 43.1 million in 2012 (Ortman, Velkoff, Hogan, 2014) with the largest source of immigration being from Mexico than any other country in the world at a reported level of 12 million immigrants in the U.S. (Ortman, Velkoff, Hogan, 2014). Per Passel and Cohn, 2011), over half (51%) of Mexican immigrant population are unauthorized, and some 58% of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. are of Mexican decent. This literature review is directed by asking the question What is the effect of acculturation and how it does it inhibit the use of social and mental health services among Mexican-American elder s? As the percentage of the aging Mexican American population increases, concerns for their financial strength does also. When determining the quality of life of older Mexican- Americans, socioeconomic status is a key factor in their success (Furman, Negi, Iwamoto, Rowan, Shukraft, Gragg, 2009). The U.S. Census Bureau reports that nearly 10 percent of the aging population live below official poverty thresholds (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). Despite lower socioeconomic status, the Mexican American population enjoy a more favorable mortality profile than non-Hispanics, living to 80 years compared to 78 years for non-Hispanic whites and 73 years for blacks (Angel, Prickett Angel, 2014). Within their communities, Elders are considered vital members and are anticipated to actively fulfill essential roles such as those of mentors, cultural transmitters, providers of care for grandchildren, and civic and religious leadership (Ramos Wright, 2010). The Mexican cultural value of collectivism and communal orientation has the ability to serve as a protective factor in alleviating distress (Furman et al., 2009). In many cultures, such as in Mexico, rapport begins through exchange of conversations or chit-chat before beginning the business of medical history-taking and physical examination (Furman et al, 2009; Gallagher-Thompson, Talamantes, Ramirez, Valverde, 1996; Elliott, 1996). The lack of social and emotional support may influence immigrants to rely solely on themselves to manage their stress (Furman et al. 2009). The effects of the stressors associated with constantly having to adapt to unfamiliar environments, work-related stress (Ramos Wright, 2010), and lack of soci al and emotional support may take a psychological and physical toll on many immigrants (Furman et al., 2009). Historically, there has been a lack of mental health services available in many communities where people of color reside (Griner Smith, 2006; Flaskerud Hu, 1994; Marger, 2002; Sue, 1988; Sue Zane, 1987) because services were focused on the needs of the upper and middle-class European Americans (Griner Smith, 2006; Hall, 2001; Richardson Molinaro, 1996; Ponterotto Casas, 1991; Trusty, Davis, Looby, 2002). Clients of color are sometimes mistrustful of mental health services due to historic racial disparities and a shortage of therapists from their own ethnic background who speak the same native language (Flaskerud Hu, 1994, Marger, 2002; Sue, 1988; Sue Zane, 1987). A diverse group of national origins is represented by Latinos living in the United States Ramos Wright, 2010),with most of the group being of Mexican origin (Ramos Wright, 2010; Furman, Negi, Iwamoto, Rowan, Shukraft, Gragg, 2009). Migration from Mexico to the United States has been cited as one of the largest mass movements of people in the world (Furman et al. 2009; Escobar-Latapà ­, 1999). In late old age, about one-half of Hispanics of Mexican ancestry lives with family in the Southwestern United States and twice as likely as those living alone or with spouse to report more financial strain and receive assistance from children (Espinoza, Jung, Hazuda, 2012). The modern Mexican-American family consists of grandparents, parents, children, and extended family members stage in life are appreciated because of their wisdom and cherished life-long experiences (Ramos Wright, 2010). Great value is placed on old age and those who have reached these common characteristics of Mexican-A mericans includes the incorporation of friends and extended family (collectivism) with a high level of obligation and responsibility to the members (familism) while putting emphasis on male leadership roles (machismo) and female subordination (Marianismo) (Pedrotti Edwards, 2014). Mexican Americans are more likely than non-Hispanics to rely on family for their long-term care needs (Angel, Prickett, Angel, 2014; Glick, 1999; Angel et al. 2004).   Immigrants and especially those who migrate to the U.S. later in life are particularly dependent on their families (VanHook Glick,2007; Angel, et al., 1999).   Research suggests Mexican-American want to live closer to kin and place a higher value on the provision of support among family members (Sarkisian, Gerena, Gerstel, 2007; Burr Mutchler, 1999; Keefe Padilla, 1987; Mindel, 1980). Hispanic elders are less likely to live alone and more likely to live with other family members, particularly in a multigenerational family where an adult child is the householder (Talamantes, Lindeman., Mouton, 2005). While a family may want to care for their aging parents, the care that they may need as they age may create a substantial burden on family (Angel, Prickett Angel, 2014). Recent research suggests that intergenerational relations (Umberson, 2002) are becoming increasingly important to Mexican Americans (Swartz, 2009). Mexicans enjoy the intergenerational progress between first-generation immigrants and their second-generation children (Duncan Trejo, 2011). Relative to their parents, the U.S.-born second generation experiences dramatic increases in English proficiency, educational attainment, and earnings and prefer to speak English rather than Spanish, and by the third generation most Mexican Americans no longer speak Spanish at all. (Duncan Trejo, 2011). There are several factors such as social support, fluency in English, and no health insurance, and no translators that can impact the acculturation process in Mexican Americans. Acculturation is viewed as the extent to which a minority group adopts the customs, language, behaviors, and values of the majority population ( Yeo, 2009).   Individuals who have family and peer social supports tend to experience less acculturation stress and those who are experiencing high stress tend to experience fewer symptoms of mental distress (Crockett, Iturbide, Torres Stone, 2007; McGinley, Raffaelli, Carlo, 2007; Hovey, 2000). Many Mexican American elders have experienced life -long struggles to overcome discrimination and segregation including punishment for speaking Spanish, restaurant segregation, and job discrimination (Furman, Negi, Iwamoto, Rowan, Shukraft, Gragg, 2009). Additionally, the Welfare Reform legislation of 1996 brought stressors for many Mexican American elderly who had immigrated to the U.S. at early ages and had never applied for citizenship (Morawetz, 2000). History of this population in the U.S. is characterized by open conflict, social inequality, prejudice, and discrimination and these factors have greatly and dramatically shaped the sociocultural realities of the aging (Ramos Wright, 2010). McInnis-Dittrich (2005) states that understanding an Elders spirituality helps to understand the older adult view of the world, subsequent behavior and maintaining a sense of continuity and cohesion in order to face changes that accompany the aging process ( p, ). Many Mexican American elders who attend church monthly, weekly, and more than weekly tend to exhibit slower rates of cognitive decline than those who do not attend church (Herrera, Lee, Nanyonjo, Laufman, Torres-Vigil, 2009). Social workers and mental health providers have a moral and ethical responsibility to provide effective interventions to all clients by accounting for cultural contexts and cultural values (Trimble Fisher, 2006). Social workers and other professionals are becoming more aware of multicultural issues and the need to improve the accessibility quality of mental health services (Sue, 1998), and method of payment for individuals who have historically been oppressed and provided in the clients favored language (Griner Smith, 2006; Sue, 1998). An assessment should be completed by the social worker and is a great way of identifying strengths and resilience Elders to solve their challenges (McInnis Dittrich, 2005). Treatment plans and interventions are then developed by a multidisciplinary team. Applying a strengths perspective to the assessment and intervention means there is a focus on helping Elders discover and employ their own strengths to help solve problems and achieve their identifi ed goals (McInnis Dittrich, 2005). Limitations this writer identified with this literature review were there was a vast of opinions about what encompasses effective cultural adaptations and some studies varied in the racial/ethnic composition of the intervention groups while other studies had different outcome measures. References: Angel, J. L., Prickett, K. C., Angel, R. J. (2014). Retirement security for black, non-Hispanic white, and Mexican-origin women: the changing roles of marriage and work. Journal of Women, Politics Policy, 35(3), 222-241. Crockett, L. J., Iturbide, M. I., Torres Stone, R. A., McGinley, M., Raffaelli, M., Carlo, G. (2007). Acculturative stress, social support, and coping: Relations to psychological adjustment among Mexican American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(4), 347. Duncan, B., Trejo, S. J. (2011). Intermarriage and the intergenerational transmission of ethnic identity and human capital for Mexican Americans. Journal of Labor Economics, 29(2), 195-227. Espinoza, S. E., Jung, I., Hazuda, H. (2012). Frailty transitions in the San Antonio longitudinal study of aging. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(4), 652-660. Furman, R., Negi, N. J., Iwamoto, D. K., Rowan, D., Shukraft, A., Gragg, J. (2009). Social work practice with Latinos: Key issues for social workers. Social Work, 54(2), 167-174. Herrera, A. P., Lee, J. W., Nanyonjo, R. D., Laufman, L. E., Torres-Vigil, I. (2009). Religious coping and caregiver well-being in Mexican-American families. Aging and Mental Health, 13(1), 84-91. McInnis-Dittrich, K. (2005). Social Work with older adults: A biopsychosocial approach to assessment in intervention. (4th edition). California: Pearson. Ortman, J. M., Velkoff, V. A., Hogan, H. (2014). An aging nation: the older population in the United States. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 25-1140. Passel, J. S., Cohn, D. (2011). New patterns in US immigration, 2011: Uncertainty for reform. University of California, Davis. Pedrotti, J. T., Edwards, L. (2014). Perspectives on the Intersection of Multiculturalism and Positive Psychology. Springer. Ramos, B. M. Wright, G. A. (2010). Social work practice with older Latino adults. In R. Furman N. Negi (Ed.), Social work practice with Latinos: Key issues and emerging themes (233-246). Lyceum: Chicago, Illinois. Swartz, T. T. (2009). Intergenerational family relations in adulthood: Patterns, variations, and implications in the contemporary United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 191-212. Talamantes, M., Lindeman, R., Mouton, C. (2005). Health and health care of Hispanic/Latino American elders. Van Hook, J., Glick, J. E. (2007). Immigration and living arrangements: Moving beyond economic need versus acculturation. Demography, 44(2), 225-249. Yeo, G. (2009). How will the US healthcare system meet the challenge of the ethnogeriatric imperative? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57(7), 1278-1285.

The Life of Oscar Wilde Essay -- Biographies

The Life of Oscar Wilde The year is 1884 and many things have taken place in the life of our literary giant, Oscar Wilde has been married years and his touring of the United States and other countries have shown his of success in his writing all over the literary world. Some of his most recent writtings are "The Picture of Dorian Gray"(1891), "A Woman of No Importance"(1894) and his most resent essay known as "The Decay of Lying" is Oscar’s story of his outrage about the current style of writing that is going into the art society. What has happened to the spectacularness of this art, it has come down to being as horrid as what is being published in the local newspapers. Is it true that " The Decay of Lying" has fallen to its deepest shadow of shame? It seems that in the words of Oscar Wilde, that is the shameful truth. How could this type of atrocity take place. It seems that the Victorian society in still under the belief that the Romanticism of life is still coursing through their veins, dead veins to be more specific. Wilde's views romanticism as a crude, childish and yet passive thing of the past and that it should remain there in the past. The romantics ideas of nature and realism need to be brought up-to-date. Wilde has criticized the likes of as Wordsworth and other writers of the Romantic Era, they would send us out to nature and say "The solutions to societies problems and can best be remedied out here, within the confines of nature, this is where you need to be. Walking, talking, being out in the great airy open and embrace what nature has to offer. Only here can you expect to amend and resolve any personal and troublesome problems." Wilde's interpretation of this remedy: outlandish, extreme and insane, society has e... ...t about a man, his character, morals and beliefs as a whole. At this moment, Jack becomes distressed about this problem his lady love had let him know that she could never marry a man that has the name other than Earnest. As a result of this occurrence our main character find that he must be christen with the name of Earnest in order for Gwendolyn to consider him as a husband. This situation is one of many that Wilde has created as a form of lying. When this play was first, performed and seen, people were outraged at this type of story. Wilde continues to explain in more plays, poems and other forms of writing that his plays and other forms of writing are just to be observed as entertainment. His goal was not to be a moralist and instill morals for the masses. That was the furthest thing from his mind, Wilde intent is to create art that is for what it is Art’s sake.

Indian Role in Afghan and Its Implication of Pakistan Essay

1.Afghanistan continues to be a proxy ‘playing ground’ for diverse outside powers with Russia in near vicinity and US in West. The decade old US meddling after the failure of Russian invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 has yielded more familiar results i.e. ethnic and cultural tensions, warlordism, drug-trafficking and rampant corruption. It is not that these traits did not exist in the Afghan society before US invaded Afghanistan but US invasion provided a surge in these attributes. 2.Afghanistan is a fault line where many outside powers are jostling for both influence and position. Some of this jostling remains overt, as in the case of US and its allies, and some of it is not, as in the case of Indian proxy war on Pakistan through Afghanistan. The Indian activities in Balochistan and FATA got a boost when US homed on to it for replicating its mandate in Afghanistan and preserve its interests post withdrawal. After intense interaction between the respective national security advisors, India agreed to fit into American boots. By doing so India would be benefited on two counts i.e. by safeguarding US interests in Afghanistan, it can accrue more American favors ranging from military to nuclear technology and it will expand its anti-Pakistan network in Afghanistan and continue sponsoring terrorist activities across borders into Pakistan. As a first step to place India in Afghanistan, US helped India sign an accord with Karzai titled ‘Strategic Partnership Agreement’ that would allow India exploit its provisions to cement its involvement in Afghan military and civil affairs. 3.AIM. 4. SEQ PART 1 INDIAN ROLE IN AFGHANISTAN PART 2 IMPACT ON PAKISTAN PART 3 ANALYSIS RECOMMENDATION PART 1 INDIAN ROLE IN AFGHANISTAN 5.The regional security dynamics in South Asia are driven by the conflict between India and Pakistan. Pakistan fears strategic encirclement by India if the Afghan government leans too much towards India, while India is afraid of Pakistan using Afghanistan as a convenient strategic staging area and a back door. Giving a military role to Indians in Afghanistan will simmer the existing tensions between the two countries on various issues while America wraps up its Afghan venture. With the added dimension of nuclear-armed India – Pakistan rivalry combined with likely strife taking place between the warlords and the central government in Kabul and a perpetual conflict between the warlords and the Taliban may create a civil war that no one would like to happen. 6.On October 4, 2011, New Delhi and Kabul have signed a historic Agreement on Strategic Partnership (ASP) which will further strengthen the relations between the two neighbors. India is the fifth highest donor in Afghanistan with $2billion of aid and also engaged in various development projects in Afghanistan and the recent visit by Afghan President Hamid Karzai also marks the collaboration of expanding the training of Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF). The growing partnership between New Delhi and Kabul has ensured some anxious moments with in Pakistan who doubts Indian presence in Afghanistan as a threat to them. 7.India is now geared up to impart extensive training to the fledgling Afghan National Army at training institutions across the country. Three areas have been identified under the ‘Agreement’ so far i.e. increase in number of Afghan trainee officers, specialized training to already serving mid and higher-level officers in ANA and training Afghan soldiers in counter insurgency and counter terrorist operations. The Indian military institutions earmarked for the purpose comprise the Commando School in Belgaum in south India, the Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare (CIJW) School in Mizoram in the north East and the High Altitude Warfare School in Sonamarg, Indian Occupied Kashmir. 8.The relations between India and Afghanistan were strengthen more after the visit by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh to Kabul , which was after the gap of six years and he sent the message that, unlike the West, New Delhi has no ‘exit strategy’ from Afghanistan and will stay here to bring peace and stability in the country as well as in the region. There are also active negotiations taking place between the US and India to replace US trainers in Afghanistan for providing continuity in training of Afghan security forces once US withdraws from Afghanistan. 9.The fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 allowed India to expand its influence in Afghanistan dramatically. Its engineers and IT specialists poured in as part of its most ambitious aid package – worth more than $1.5 billion – to build remote mountain roads, establish telephone, internet, and satellite links and reopen schools and hospitals. Washington encouraged India’s involvement and believed it could use the soft power of its popular Bollywood film industry and other cultural links to encourage tolerance and pluralism in the country. Meanwhile, Delhi’s contribution towards Afghan reconstruction cannot be denied. The country’s four landmark projects are the Delaram-Zaranj road, transmission lines providing Uzbek electricity to Kabul, the hydroelectric Salma Dam and a new parliament building in Kabul – the latter two of which are still under way. The $500m newly committed aid by India will be used for development and infrastructure projects in agriculture and mining. Through its provision of education, medical treatment and small-business support, India has projected considerable soft power in Afghanistan. It provides 2,000 scholarships to Afghans annually for schooling and training in India, including for 500 Afghan civil servants. More than 100 Indian-supported but Afghan-owned small development projects are being implemented. Indian medical missions in Kabul, Jalalabad, Kandahar, Herat and Mazar-e-Sharif provided free treatment for more than 350,000 Afghans in 2009-10. PART 2 IMPACT ON PAKISTAN 10.Much distrust exists between Islamabad and Delhi over their respective activities in Afghanistan. Islamabad perceives New Delhi’s presence and influence as a deliberate attempt to encircle Pakistan and prevent it from attaining the strategic depth it needs in Afghanistan. Pakistan’s government often accuses India’s embassy and four consulates in Afghanistan of carrying out clandestine operations against Pakistan in its tribal areas and restive province of Baluchistan. Pakistan has claimed that India arms and funds Baluchi rebels and the Pakistani Tehrik-e-Taliban (TTP), which India denies. Pakistan resents the goodwill of Afghans towards Indians. For its part, Delhi sees Pakistan as attempting to force it from Afghanistan. The Indian government charges that ‘elements’ in Pakistan – essentially its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate – planned the 2008 and 2009 terror attacks on the Indian embassy in Kabul (which Islamabad denies) and says that the Pakistan-based Haqqani terror network was responsible for carrying them out. 11.Indians replicating the role of US trainers in Afghanistan spells danger for Pakistan. The placement of Indian trainers may create more rifts in the already volatile bilateral relationship between India and Pakistan. Some of the opinion makers even go to the extent to term it on par with Kashmir. Some simplistic and narrow analyses have also linked the signing of the ASP to the worsening of US-Pakistan relations following the attack on the US embassy in Kabul, and of Afghan-Pakistan relations following the assassination of former President Rabbani and the suspension of the peace process with the Taliban thereafter. What has missed the eye is that the ASP was long in the making to address the Afghans’ long-standing demands. On the other hand, Islamababad did refrain from commenting on the Indo- Afghan partnership but the Pakistani defense analyst Ayesha Siddiqa says that â€Å"despite not commenting on this issue, the fact is that Pakistan does not like what has happened as they are crying for so long that Indian presence in Afghanistan would hurt Pakistan interests†. 12.India and Afghanistan’s problem is that Pakistan doesn’t agree and that sees India’s involvement in Afghanistan is a threat to its ‘strategic depth’ according to a concept in which Afghanistan is acknowledged as Pakistan’s backyard in which India has no right to hang out, whereas for India, which had been frozen out under the Taliban regime as a supporter of the Northern Alliance’s warlords, Afghanistan holds the keys to the Central Asian mineral and energy reserves it needs to sustain its rapid economic growth. To that end, and to increase its chances of gaining access to Afghanistan’s own rich reserves of iron ore, India has pledged another half a billion dollars in aid and the same is really affecting Pakistan’s and the things are even getting more worsen. Afghanistan is also keen to encourage India in this and it doesn’t want Pakistan to be its sole customs guard or jailer, and it has seen how vindictive its twin can be. When India’s Kabul embassy was blown up by a suicide bomber in 2008, killing 41, including India’s defence attachà ©, American officials said they had evidence that members of Pakistan’s ISI intelligence service had been involved in the plot. 13.There was a time when India was quite taken aback by that change of mood among regional neighbours that forced her to immediately seek new avenues to intervene. Indian psychological anguish, sense of alienation and feelings of failure in Afghanistan have revamped Indian diplomatic efforts with enhanced lobbying and manipulative methodology to mark their presence in Afghanistan. In this backdrop, Afghan Foreign Minister Dr. Abdullah Abdullah’s recent statement that India has a critical role to play in their country is a sign of persistent Indian clout in Afghanistan. Hence, Indian diplomatic efforts in Kabul to drive a wedge between Pakistan and Afghanistan to ensure that mutual relationship between the two inseparable neighbors remain tense. In this context, India aggressively propagates that al-Qaeda and Taliban are having safe heavens in major cities of Pakistan to show Pakistan in bad light and create ill feelings between the people of Afghanistan and Pakistan. India’s Foreign Secretary Nirupama Rao talking at a South Asia initiative talk on â€Å"India’s global role† in Harvard University a few months back said: â€Å"We have direct interest in Afghanistan, not because we see it as theater of rivalry with Pakistan but because of the growing fusion of terrorist groups that operate from Afghanistan and Pakistan and their activities in India†. PATR 3 ANALYSIS 13. The reality is what meets beyond the eyes. India has interest in Afghanistan but not in its stability and for this purpose Indian intelligence agencies have been trying to create rift among various segments of society in Afghanistan. The instability in the Afghan society will not only help India consolidate its place in Afghanistan but also facilitate in destabilizing the arch-rival Pakistan and energy rich Central Asian Republics (CARs). In the pursuance of same, India invested over a billion US dollars to have an economic clout in Afghanistan and surged its presence in terms of intelligence cooperation through opening of new consulates. These consulates are used to continue destabilization of both Pakistan and Afghanistan and their respective interests. New Delhi’s billion dollars aid to Kabul is being actually dispersed among Indian companies working in Afghanistan for use in the projects that would help India consolidate its place in Afghanistan and Central Asia. 14.For instance, construction of road linking Chahbahar Port in Iran with Afghanistan was part of the encirclement plan and to secretly ship explosives, arms and ammunition from India in the name of construction material. India has also started showing its friendly gestures to Iran as well. In a bid to make Iran forget that India voted against its nuclear programme in the IAEA and supported sanctions on Iran, New Delhi is now often found advocating that Iran has a right to peaceful uses of nuclear energy. All this flattery is to keep Afghanistan accessible through the Iranian corridor. Afghanistan is important to India to achieve its vested interests in the region. India’s long and tumultuous history of capturing and grabbing natural resources and territories, which includes valley of Jammu & Kashmir and state of Nagaland, in order to expand its size and power, is no more a hidden fact. The expansionist agenda of India disqualifies it to be a regional power what to speak of assigning her a greater role in regional peace initiatives. 15.Had India been that justified mediating power and peace lover, it would not have back-stabbed Iran on nuclear issue merely on the basis that another nuclear armed country in the region is not in India’s interest. Also Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and Maldives would not have been a victim of Indian bully. Indian occupied Kashmir is another burning example of Indian usurpation. Northeast India, a region not very well known outside South Asia, is a hotbed of Indian state terrorism and numerous armed insurgencies. Recommendations 16.It will be in the interest of the region if the US reconciles with the India-Pakistan milieu in the Afghan context and leave Afghanistan to the Afghans to decide their own fate. As the Agreement on Strategic Partnership (ASP) was signed between New Delhi and Kabul, there was an immediate reaction from Islamababad that in such an agreement â€Å"the fundamental principle of ensuring the stability in the region must be taken in the account†. This shows that how anxious Islamababad is over the growing Indian presence in Afghanistan. India’s engagement in Afghanistan has been painted by many western analysts as a zero-sum game vis-à  -vis Pakistan. Yet, despite being the largest regional donor in Afghanistan, and the fifth largest internationally, India finds it increasingly difficult to operate in Afghanistan. There have been two suicide bombings of its embassy in Kabul, the first of which killed two senior Indian diplomats, two security personnel and 50 Afghans. A terror plot targeting the Indian consulate in Jalalabad was foiled. Since 2001, 20 Indian nationals have been killed. But New Delhi is also aware of the fact that until all the groups engaged in stopping the violence the path of development and progress will not be achieved. New Delhi is also aware of the fact that the role of Pakistan is also very crucial in bringing stability in the region but is also aware of the fact that any peace process will succeed only when the violence is completely shut. CONCL In short, India has no legitimate interests in Afghanistan but is keen to have a permanent role in Afghanistan in order to fulfill its vested agenda to destabilize Pakistan – major irritant in the way of establishing Indian supremacy in the region – and to have significant influence over central Asian states. From Indian side, anything that is being projected, promoted or displayed through media and friendly gestures is merely eyewash. So in view of these bitter realities, is India worth assigning a greater role in regional peace initiatives? In view of the past experience, Iran can be fool enough to walk hand in hand and in sync with India on Afghanistan? Would Kabul keep on closing its eyes on facts and will remain in state of denial vis-à  -vis New Delhi? It is time to realise that India is not a compulsion, all that is needed to make a right choice. The relation between India and Afghanistan is entering into the new horizon and it will be interesting to see how Pakistan will respond to this new growing relationship. The coming days will be the testing times for India and Afghanistan as United States is preparing to leave Afghanistan which will enable Pakistan to use its clout in Afghanistan for their strategic interests.