Essay --

Stubblefield 1 Marlene Stubblefield Dr. Judith Palier American National Government 17 November 2013 The Second Amendant: What does it mean? As brutality and murder rates heighten in America so does the issue of weapon control. The outcome of this disaster births unstable political talk about weapon control and the Second Amendment. The essence of the inquiry is the thing that the establishing fathers implied when they composed, â€Å"A very much managed volunteer army, being important to the security of a free express, the privilege of the individuals to keep and remain battle ready, will not be infringed.† Since the composition of the Second Amendment the make and model of guns has changed drastically thus has the ways of thinking of the individuals. A rifle is not, at this point characterized as a solitary shot, gag stacking black powder rifle used to essentially ensure families or exclusively for food. Should the weapons we use today be secured by a change composed almost 222 years prior? Should the subsequent change be revamped? Does the Second Amendment apply to singular residents? These inquiries flash broad discussions in Washington D.C. concerning the establishing fathers expected the revision to be. The response to this inquiry lies in the way that in spite of several firearm control articles having been composed , still the weapon control issue stays uncertain. History reveals to us weapon control discussions will be in an impasse until our legal framework characterizes or revises the Second Amend. This paper will inspect the historical backdrop of the Second Amendment, and endeavor to characterize the composers aim, weapon control enactment and take a gander at factors that influence Americans on this particular issue... ...o civilian armies, and excused his claim. Heller examined his claim; the issue was requested and sent to the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. The Court of Appeals turned around the brings down court choice dependent on reasons the Second Amendment unmistakably makes reference to an individual may carry weapons while serving in the volunteer army, and a similar individual has a privilege ensure himself and his family as hallowed. The court presumes that the city’s restriction on handguns and its necessity that guns in the house be kept nonfunctional abused that right. As it were, an individual need not be in a local army to claim a gun, it is an individual’s option to possess a gun in self - protection. Heller finished up his guard by saying, â€Å"self-barrier is a fundamental right perceived by antiquated lawful framework to present, and it is the focal part of the Second Amendment† (D.C. v Heller).

The Image of Jesus by Scorsese and Young Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Image of Jesus by Scorsese and Young - Essay Example Henceforth, it would be progressively conceivable to envision Jesus basically as man, yet potentially blessed with a center of Godhood. This is the thing that movies, for example, The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) and Jesus (1999) have done, and honorably as well. The endeavors of both Martin Scorsese and Roger Young was essentially to determine the oddity of Jesus' humankind and his eternality. What promptly strikes us about their depiction of the focal character of New Testament is that here is a Jesus we can all the more effectively relate to and identify with. In the Bible, Jesus shows up as a symbol - as Godhood dropped upon earth. In spite of the fact that even in the Bible, Jesus doesn't play out any momentous supernatural occurrences, comports himself in an unassuming way and regularly seems fragile and powerless, but since of the implications that have accumulated over the ages, it is difficult to see the Jesus of Nazareth in the New Testament, even before he becomes Christ, as anything besides God strolling in our middle. While in these films, we see a progressively human side of Jesus, here Jesus is a r eal man looking and slowly climbing his approach to Divinity.

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Fortress of Sacsayhuaman

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Fortress of Sacsayhuaman Sample TOEFL Integrated EssayThe QuestionThis integrated question is taken from aKorean bookwhich you probably cant purchase in your country. I am not allowed to share the lecture and reading here, but if you need some practice tests I strongly recommend that you purchase theOfficial TOEFL iBT Tests Collection. It is excellent!Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample EssayThe reading and the lecture are both about Sacsayhuaman, which is a walled fortress built by the Inca people near the city of Cuzco. The author of the reading believes that the fortress was not built for defensive purposes. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that, in fact, the fortress was built to defend the Inca against invaders.First of all, the author claims that the walls in the fortress were not solid. It is noted that the fortress actually consists of a series of walls with great gaps in between them, which invaders could have passed through. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that the gaps were left in order to conserve building materials. Furthermore, she points out that natural barriers would have provided sufficient defense in the areas where the gaps were located.Secondly, the author states that the wall contains various entryways. The article argues that these passages were not defended very well and that aggressors could have entered through them. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that the entries were left because the Inca needed to see the invaders as they approached in order to plan their strategies. She elaborates on this by mentioning that the entries were mostly windows which were too small for invaders to fit through.Finally, the author mentions that no wells have been found behind the walls. The authors opinion is that if the fortress had been blockaded by invaders the defenders would have died of thirst. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that because of the high altitude of the fortress, invaders would not have been able to sustain long attacks. She puts forth the idea that defenders could have resupplied when their attackers fell back as a result of the altitude.NoteThis is a sample TOEFL personal preference essay written by a native speaker. It follows our TOEFL writing templates for integrated essays. If you find it useful, please remember that we have many more sample essaysfor you to read!

Louisiana Purchase Essay - 999 Words

amp;#65279;Louisiana Purchase nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I believe that the Louisiana Purchase was one of the greatest impacts on American society because of the large amount of land and how it helped our economy. In this report you will see how lucky that the United States is to have obtained this large piece of land from France. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Their are many reasons why Napoleon had to sell this large piece of land. Napoleon thought that this land could be a great asset to the French if they knew what to do with it. He didn’t want to sell the Louisiana territory because he still had dreams of having a French empire in America. At this point in time†¦show more content†¦With New Orleans and Florida included in the Louisiana Purchase gave the Americans many different ports for trading. This also helped the United States Navy, with all these new ports the Americans could strengthen their defense and improve the navy. At this time the French were very poor and needed the money so Jefferson knew he would get this piece of land for a very cheap price. For fifteen million dollars the United States acquired Florida, the Mississippi river, New Orleans, Rocky Mountains, sea ports , and the miles and miles of rich farmland all came with the Louisiana Purchase. All in all everything went smoothly, but there was one minor problem with this treaty. The problem was that Jefferson still did not how much land that he actually purchased. He knew it was a lot but, did not know the exact specifications or were it started and ended. Spain and the United States disputed over what land each one of them would get. The main issue in this dispute was, who would get Florida and who would get Texas. Eventually United States gave up claims to Texas so Spain could claim Texas. After Spain gained Texas they gave up claims to Florida. The United States, right away claimed Florida. All this was called the Adams Onis Treaty of 1819.This had a great a great impact on the American society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Louisiana territory was purchased by Thomas Jefferson fromShow MoreRelatedLouisiana Purchase And The Louisiana1535 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant occurrence happened. The purchase of 827,000 square miles of land for approximately 4 cents an acre or 15 million dollars was made. This purchase was unlike any other, for it would have the most importance of any other purchase made in the United States. It is referred to as the Louisiana Purchase. The land that was purchased was known as the Louisiana Territory. Also, this territory wasn’t just bought. It was exchanged, for an important reason. The Louisiana Purchase is known as one of the mostRead MoreThe Louisiana Purchase1275 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the Louisiana Purchase was made by Thomas Jefferson in 1802, nobody in the United States knew anything about the territory. Everyone had to know more about the huge land grant that was just purchased by the U.S. People took t he challenge and went out to see the great land. Famous explorers are known for their exploration of the Louisiana Purchase. Two famous explorers are known by many, Lewis and Clark. Although, there is one explorer that is less known but explored just as much area as LewisRead MoreThe Legacy Of Louisiana Purchase1286 Words   |  6 PagesLouisiana Purchase, more prominently known as an acquisition that doubled the size of the country we reside in, was much more than just a simple purchase, much less an easy one. Thomas Jefferson had to consider all the aspects, consequences, and effects that the decision of buying 2,144,500 square kilometers of land would have on the country (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 1). This purchase brought many improvements to the country, but also had unexpected consequences that would transform the countryRead MoreThe Purchase Of Louisiana Posed Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesName: Title: Institution: Personal Responsibility The Purchase of Louisiana posed several important moral dilemmas for American President Thomas Jefferson; among these were the means of achieving Republican government states’ rights and strict constructionism which he relented. Constructionist and a strong supporter of states rights and, therefore, the action of purchasing Louisiana presented a moral dilemma, he was either to stick to his principle or compromise and save the Republican governmentRead MoreLouisiana Purchase Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe Louisiana Purchase was the most influential and important land purchases in American history. The acquired land in this historical purchase proved to far outweigh what most Americans at the time could imagine. The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the United States, and lead to many great discoveries and societal benefits. Some of the major and most prominent ways that the Louisiana Purchase influenced the evolution of American were the expeditions of L ouis and Clark on theRead MoreThe Louisiana Purchase1215 Words   |  5 Pagessignificantly with the Louisiana Purchase. The Louisiana Purchase added 828,000 square miles which doubled the land area of the United States (history.com 1). The importance of the Louisiana Purchase can be best appreciated by understanding why this purchase was considered significant to the United States, why France agreed to sell such a sizable amount of land, and how the Louisiana Purchase changed the United States forever. The United States was interested in the purchase of Louisiana for a number ofRead MoreThe Louisiana Purchase By Thomas Jefferson1129 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout the endeavor of the Louisiana Purchase. The Louisiana Purchase is highly regarded as the greatest achievement of American expansion since the establishment of the country. This transaction between France and America gave the necessary requirements to recover and even advance the weak U.S. economy. America paid France $15 million for an estimated 800,000 acres of land; making this the largest land deal in history. Despite the many advantages that the Louisiana Purchase had to offer, Thomas JeffersonRead MoreThe Louisiana Purchase: Unconstitutional or Not? Essay558 Words   |  3 Pagessense of public spending. In the case of the Louisiana Purchase many political figures at the time it was created, as well as historians argue whether or not it was in fact a violation of the Constitution or not. This debate is still ongoin g, but in order to analyze whether the Louisiana Purchase was unconstitutional or not, one must analyze the sequence of events leading to the acquisition of the territory by the United States. The Louisiana Purchase appeared to be the only solution to the UnitedRead MoreThe Louisiana Purchase : The United States967 Words   |  4 PagesThe Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase is one of the most important historic events in America. It changed the course of history, raising America’s rank in the world. It all began at a time where the western half of modern day America was not occupied. During the early nineteenth century, Napoleon Bonaparte had intentions to create a new French Empire in the new world. His plan was to take away America’s ability to use the Mississippi River. Thomas Jefferson, president at the time, wasRead MoreThe Louisiana Purchase Shaping America1213 Words   |  5 Pages The Louisiana Purchase shaping America Christopher Richeson East Forsyth High School Mrs. Callendar American History 4th Period December 15, 2015 Abstract The Louisiana Purchase was a major event in the growth of the United States of America. Purchased from France for 15 million by Thomas Jefferson in 1803, it gave America twice the available land, adding 827,000 square miles. Some may argue the Louisiana Purchase is unconstitutional, but Jefferson found a way around that. The

Drugs Alcohol Among Young People - 1049 Words

Drugs assignment Q1 Introduction Drug and alcohol use among under the legal age is lessening more and more by the years. Though it is still a large problem, not to the extent of how many are using, but how often they use and what effect it has around them. Everyone has access to prescription drugs, it is easy to buy and can be extremely dangerous to mess with. Even if the percentage is low, it still has a large effect on the people around them. My outlook on the situation is that there may not be many underage drinkers and drug users, but there still are. Its still a massive problem, I personally know many underage drinkers and plenty of drug users, I have no experience with drugs or alcohol, not to be mistaken that I have felt†¦show more content†¦63.3% of use occurs at rave/dance parties about 4% of young people have illegally used prescribed medication (painkillers, tranquilisers, barbiturates, or steroids) in the last 12 months The percentage of young people using drugs is rather small, but that does not cancel the fact that there are users. The percentage of adults using is getting smaller, and with that, the percentage of the young children are lessening also. This is a very positive look on these numbers, but again, there are still users. Children should be properly educated about drugs and alcohol, many school are provided with speakers and studies, but speakers are adults. And most people don’t like learning from what adults say. Prescription dugs are also being used illegally. This shows that even things that are supposed to help and innocent objects can be used in a harmful manor. Over the counter drugs can also be used to make illegal drugs. Q.4parents against drugs: Throughout the essay, parents and adults have been mentioned many times, because as we all know, children don’t happily follow and adults word. Not up until the teens. Many young people like to experiment on life on their own, learn from their own mistakes. Positive: parents make an impact on their child’s life, negative or positive, either way will make a decision for their children. If the child grows up around drugs and alcohol, the child can either choose to be likeShow MoreRelated Being Popular Essay539 Words   |  3 PagesBeing Popular Drug and alcohol abuse is a serious problem among many young people. Most drug and alcohol abuse happens on the weekend at a party or at a friend’s house. Young people want to be popular and fit in, and if fitting in means drinking or using drugs, they are going to do it. After a few parties, and a few nights out at a friend’s house,young people start to get addicted to drugs and alcohol and their life begins to fall apart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being popular is a goal that all teenagers wantRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Teenage Drinking725 Words   |  3 Pageslargest social issues among young people in America today. Although more than half of high schoolers drink on a regular basis, the problem is that they are not aware of how dangerous alcohol can be. Although the health risks of heavy drinking are known and understood, the social habit continues to be accepted as a cultural norm. Is it surprising then, that the young people are beginning to drink at school ages. The reality is that alcohol is often the cause of many problems among these teenagers. SimplyRead More Drugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesDrugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years The years of adolescence are a very important time for both young girls and boys to make decisions that will essentially have the power to shape their lives. In life there are conflicts to be overcome from both the â€Å"evil† social world and also a young girl’s vulnerability can cause problems. Both have a huge impact on decisions she will make. Drugs and alcohol are both issues that almost any young person in today’s society is going to comeRead MoreDeterminants of Marijuana Use Essay1052 Words   |  5 Pagesuniversal drug. It is easily accessible to most people and is the number one illicit drug used in North America. Although the availability and knowledge of this drug is fairly equal for all people in North America, marijuana tends to be more prevalent in teenagers and young adults. Maisto, Galizio, and Conners (2004) reported that use of marijuana [in young people] was 8.0% among those aged 12-17; 16% among those aged 18-25, as compared to 6.8% am ong those aged 26-34; and 2.4% among those 35 andRead MoreAlcohol Essay1160 Words   |  5 Pagesprint) Signature: Date Abstract The consumption of alcohol in Australia is becoming a problem, and because of irresponsible and callous drinking, Australia is in need of a more mature drinking culture. The main points in this essay discuss the issues concerning irresponsible drinking amongst teens.They include the effects of alcohol on the adolescent brain, accidents involving underage drinkers and teens delaying the consumption of alcohol for as long as possible. This essay argues that becauseRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1604 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana can be a very addicting drug to most people, especially young adults. Most young teens engage in marijuana usage as their first drug of choice. â€Å"Marijuana is known as the most common type of illicit drug use is, and the vast majority of those users are what some have called â€Å"recreational† or â€Å"social† or â€Å"casual† users† (Hart Ksir, 2015). Many people like to smoke among others in order to be social with one another. Young teenagers often enjoy smoking marijuana at a party, friend’s houseRead MoreUnderage Alcohol And Alcohol Abuse1597 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, there is a lot of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic performance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking about the problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alcohol consumption amongst young adults, from high school to college, and I willRead MoreAlcohol Is The Drug Of Choice Among Youth1692 Words   |  7 PagesCan a person be too young to become addicted to alcohol and drugs? Or why is age of first use of alcohol is critically important? There are many questions raised on consumption of alcohol when it comes on drinking at early age. Alcohol often has a strong e ffect on people and throughout history, we have struggled to understand and manage the power of alcohol. However, we hardly think how much alcohol is too much for us, unless we get into any kind of trouble or shows some physical or mental effectsRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is Not A New Problem894 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance Abuse Drug abuse is not a new problem, it has been happening for the longest time, abusing drugs has always been an interesting topic to me because I have never been able to grasp the concept of why addicts start or continue when it is clearly obvious that it has negative effects on the human body. It is a popular conception of common sense, but is false. Drug abusers sometimes are not educated enough to know the damages or the addict truly believes they are not addicted. This topic sparksRead MoreEducation Is An Integral Part Of A Child s Upbringing785 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement strategy aimed at reducing aggressive, disruptive classroom behavior, a risk factor for adolescent and illicit drug abuse (SAMHSA, 2016). Similarly the focus group participants mentioned that Academia Education from K-12 grade needs to incorporate evidence-based programs in the academic curriculum in addressing alcohol and other drug use among the youth. NH young adults emphasized the importance of introduc ing substance misuse education in early school age from elementary while strengthening

Sun Microsystems Strategic Positioning Free Essays

string(181) " 2004 article put many business owners at ease when the authors stated, â€Å"Just before last Christmas, secret talks aimed at ending one of the bitterest wars in business foundered\." SUN MICROSYSTEMS: STRATEGIC POSITIONING Susan L. Elvins National American University History, Strategy, International Abstract This thesis will discuss the corporate strategy of Sun Microsystems and the multiple issues they have faced both domestic and internationally. Sun Microsystems provides open source software applications and different types of hardware for business consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on Sun Microsystems Strategic Positioning or any similar topic only for you Order Now A benefit Sun Microsystems provides with new technology to customers is offering them the ability to trade computer parts when upgrading. ii CONTENTS Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii CHAPTER 1 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 CHAPTER 2 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: HISTORY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 History †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Continued Growth †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 CHAPTER 3 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: MARKETING †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 SWOT Issues †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Microsoft vs. Sun Microsystems †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 CHAPTER 4 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Software †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Servers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. History Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 CHAPTER 5 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: CODE OF ETHICS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Employee Code of Ethics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Employee Relationships †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Anti-Discrimination Policy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 CHAPTER 6 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: LEGAL ISSUES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 0 Hardware Patents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 CHAPTER 7 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL COUNTRY ANALYSIS (ITALY) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 CHAPTER 8 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 International Economy Results †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 Domestic Economy Results †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 CHAPTER 9 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL DEMOGRAPHICS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 iii CHAPTER 10 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL POLITICS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 CHAPTER 11 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL SWOT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 SWOT Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 CHAPTER 12 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: GLOBAL BUSINESS STRATEGIES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 Five Business Level Strategies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 CHAPTER 13 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: CHANGE MANAGEMENT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Server Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 17 CHAPTER 14 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: STRATEGIC CHANGE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Product Upgrade †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 Storage Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 Open Source Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 CHA PTER 14 IMPLEMENT PLAN OF CHANGE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 Implement Change †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 CHAPTER 16 IMPROVEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICATION NATIONAL AMERICAN UNIVERSITY . 25 APPENDIX A PORTER’S FIVE FORCES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 26 APPENDIX B GOVERNMENTAL PARTIES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27 iv History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 1 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTRODUCTION Over the last 26 years, Sun has built a strong business strategy to satisfy commercial and consumer buyers with multiple products. When it all comes down to it, Sun Microsystems is one of the most defined and trusted computer manufactures in the globe. This thesis paper discusses the achievements of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Chapter 2 looks into the history of Sun Microsystems. Chapter 3 reviews the choice marketing strategy of Sun and how they have improved their current business position. Chapter 4 examines what products Sun provides consumers in software, storage, desktops, workstations, and microelectronics. Chapter 5 discusses the business code of ethics policy. Chapter 6 explores the legality of Sun Microsystems. Chapters 7 through 11 discuss the international facility of Sun Microsystems in Milan, Italy and chapter 12 explores their global business strategies. 1 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 2 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: HISTORY In 1982, four people got together and built Sun Microsystems, Inc. in Santa Clara, California. The latest date of 2007 annual reports confirms this company now has 34,000 employees worldwide. According to Hoovers, the top three executives are Jonathan I. Schwartz, President, CEO and Director, then Scott G. McNealy, Chairman, and then Gregory M. Papadopoulos, EVP Research and Development and CTO. (Hoovers, 2008) Since 1982, Sun Microsystems has believed, â€Å"The Network is the Computer† to achieve their company success. History In 1983, Sun made enough revenue to open operations overseas in Europe. (Sun, 2008) This new overseas office gave many capabilities to what Sun could accomplish. For example, Sun opened their doors in multiple international countries to build revenue. The first international operations for Sun opened in Canada in 1985 (Sun, 2008). The following year, operations started in Asia then in Australia. Sun, 2008) In 1988, Sun reached their first $1 million dollars in sales revenue, which is a major milestone. (Sun, 2008) In 1990, Sun introduced the first workstation which was a new plateau reached. (Sun, 2008) This workstation brought new strategy into Sun’s marketing strategy because of opportunity it added. Continued Growth In the late 1990’s, Sun expanded their business horizons int o hardware then built a T1 server which handled the backbone of the Internet. (Sun, 2008) That same year, Sun completed the Micro, Standard, and Enterprise editions of the Java 2 platform 2 Comment [US1]: Period follows citation not before History, Strategy, International 3 application. (Sun, 2008) Java software gives opportunity to developers they previously did not have. This software allows programmers to develop and build ideas more easily. Java is used in web browsers to this day, so it is important to ensure that application stays updated as required. History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 3 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: MARKETING The marketing strategy of Sun Microsystems did change as the company increased the product line because with additions they needed to build a correct strategy. The reason for changing the marketing strategy is to compete with businesses just like them. Sun Microsystems has always ensured that their consumers receive the best products and the best in customer service. In 1992, a great marketing strategy used by Sun was to join with Hewlett Packard and announce new workstations built specifically for technical businesses. As the author of Computerworld magazine stated, â€Å"The companies are pitching their workstations to different customers–Sun wants to displace PCs from commercial desktops and HP is focusing on the midrange and high-end workstation user. (Johnson, 1992, 4) SWOT Issues Just like any other business, Sun has strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Keeping those four key points in mind will provide Sun the assistance they need to further their possibilities in the world of technology. Sun was able to acquire the program application MySQL. In many technical circles such as networking, the word â€Å"lampâ₠¬  will be used during a discussion between administrators. An IT article explains how these letters are also read. The letters of lamp each stand for an application used to build a network server; Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP. Anonymous, 2008) Microsoft vs. Sun Microsystems Microsoft is a company that many consumers know for the popular operating software they provide, Windows. Some may not be aware of legal issues that had taken 4 Comment [US2]: Magazines and newspapers are in italics History, Strategy, International 5 place between Microsoft and Sun regarding the Java application. A 2004 article put many business owners at ease when the authors stated, â€Å"Just before last Christmas, secret talks aimed at ending one of the bitterest wars in business foundered. You read "Sun Microsystems Strategic Positioning" in category "Papers" (Guth Clark, 2004, A1) The disagreement began on October 1997 when Microsoft was sued for using Java incorrectly. In January 2001, Microsoft and S un did reach an agreement finally to settle the 1997 case in which Microsoft paid Sun $20 million dollars. (Guth Clark, 2004) The settlement of this case actually allowed both companies to move forward without regrets. On March 10, 2008, Microsoft and Sun Microsystems met once again and this time it was on better terms. Both companies created an alliance including the grand opening of the Sun/Microsoft Interoperability Center. The center is located in Redmond, Washington, the same location of the headquarters for Microsoft. One benefit this center received was the type of Sun server and storage system. The other benefit was the type of Microsoft server software. (Johnson, 2008) History, Strategy, International 6 CHAPTER 4 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY Software Sun provides many options to consumers when choosing from software. It is not just operating systems. Sun provides Java and Java Enterprise Systems to the consumers. Consumers have the ability to use Mobile Solutions when they are away from their away from their main computer. Business management software is available on levels of security for identity management or systems management. Software tools to assist database maintenance, application management, and development production are also available. The latest version of Solaris is Solaris 10 and it was released in 2004. (Sun, 2008) Servers Sun Microsystems has been busy improving since the original SPARC came onto the market. Now consumers have multiple options within this category to chose. For example, a consumer could choose a â€Å"Blade† server, the â€Å"x64† server, a Netra server, a SPARC erver, an Entry Rack Mount server, a Mid-range server, or a High-End server. Each product has advantages and disadvantages that will match up to a consumer’s needs. If a business still needs to consider options, the Sun web site performs a comparison of the servers. If a business needs something more customized, Sun will provide rack cabinets so the business can build a specialized rack sys tem to meet their own needs. History Conclusion Sun Microsystems provides more than software, main frames, and rack systems to the consumer. Over the last 26 years, Sun has built a strong business strategy to satisfy History, Strategy, International 7 commercial and consumer buyers with multiple products. Sun is a business that believes the best way to earn revenue is to stay focused on important issues. Keeping focus on business strategy and consumer needs will turn growth and revenue into prosperity. History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 5 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: CODE OF ETHICS In 2001, Sun Microsystems built a Business Conduct Office (BCO) to assist employees and board members as necessary. (Corporate, 2008) To ensure employees are assisted in the best possible way, Sun keeps this document consistently updated. An employee can contact the human resources department should they have any questions or concerns. Employee Code of Ethics After employees are hired, they are provided with documentation listing a helpfully written ethics policy each person is required to follow. As an employee, a person is expected to use common sense in the decision-making process. More importantly, Sun requires each employee and board member to follow these company ethical guidelines: â€Å"Be familiar with these Standards of Business Conduct and follow them at all times. Comply with all applicable governmental laws, rules, and regulations in the performance of their duties on Sun’s behalf. Be sensitive to situations which could lead to inappropriate business conduct and avoid engaging in such inappropriate business conduct. Comply fully with the letter and spirit of Sun’s Conflict of Interest policy and always conduct Sun business in a manner that avoids conflicts between personal interests and Sun’s best interests. Promptly bring to the attention of appropriate Sun management or Sun’s Business Conduct Office any known or perceived unacceptable business conduct or illegal behavior. Seek appropriate guidance when it is suspected that business conduct issues. 8 History, Strategy, International 9 Always conduct Sun’s business with honesty and integrity and refrain from conduct that would negatively impact Sun’s reputation. † (Sun Microsystems, 2007) Employee Relationships Businesses must build a working relationship between their employees just as they do with their consumers. It is also important for employees to know they will always have the respect of their employer at all times. Employees are expected to return the same professional conduct as a courtesy to their employer. In addition to professional standards, Sun has a global anti-discrimination policy that protects employee rights. This anti-discrimination policy serves dual purpose because it protects an employee’s rights and it prevents discrimination within the company. Anti-Discrimination Policy In the anti-discrimination policy, there are four types of harassment examples. They are verbal harassment, visual harassment, physical harassment, and sexual demands. (Sun Microsystems, 2007) An example of verbal harassment is co-worker insults another with explicit jokes or makes sexual remarks towards another person. Visual harassment is considered graphic material whether it is written, printed, or sent through email. Physical harassment is considered more sexual driven as a person intentionally brushes up against another in a way that is unwelcome. Sexual demands are defined as unwanted sexual advances. History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 6 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: LEGAL ISSUES Sun Microsystems has a legal department that has the capability to work through multiple situations. For example, Sun took legal action against Microsoft after discovering their Java code was used to advance Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. After Sun and Microsoft ironed legal differences in front of a judge in 2004, both companies emerged with new ideas. According to a 2007 article in the Wall Street Journal, â€Å"Sun has agreed to sell servers that come with Windows installed at the factory. Some customers already run Windows on Sun’s x86 systems — those that use chips from Intel Corp. and Advanced Micro Devices Inc. — but had to buy and install the software themselves. † (Lawton Clark, 2007) The executive vice president of Sun’s systems group stated, â€Å"This is quite a different situation. (Lawton Clark, 2007) It is obvious seeing Sun and Microsoft business activities they can become allies and begin build something new to benefit the consumer. Hardware Patents Another legal issue was resolved between Sun and a company named Custom Hardware Engineering over a patent dispute. Financial Wire briefly explained this suit in an article because of the delicate legal information inv olved. This independent service stated, â€Å"Custom Hardware had filed an antitrust counterclaim against the charges and was seeking $140 million in damages. † (FinancialWire, 2007) Sun settled the counterclaim with an amount that has not been disclosed. Because Sun purchased this hardware company, Sun in turn legally owned all rights however; one could possibly see why Custom Hardware attempted to sue for counter damages. 10 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 7 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL COUNTRY ANALYSIS (ITALY) This section of the Sun Microsystems research paper discusses the international facility. The global center is located in Milan, Italy. The international center provides consumers the exact services that American customers receive. This section provides economic details of Italy such as employment and unemployment. Other information discussed is things pertaining to demographics and the future of how Sun can progressively build its facility in the country. Over the last 26 years, Sun Microsystems has built a strong business strategy to satisfy commercial and consumer buyers with multiple products. When it all comes down to it, Sun Microsystems is one of the most defined and trusted computer corporations across the globe. 11 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 8 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT Sun has built a center in Milan and it is called the Solution Center. They believe it will â€Å"expand business opportunities, lower development costs, and get products to market quickly†. (Sun, 2008) Customers can choose from products such as Solaris and Linux servers, desktop computers, and other types of storage peripherals. Four services available in the Milan Solution Center are proofs-of concept, benchmarks, product and solution demos, and porting. (Sun, 2008) International Economy Results In Italy, the first economic quarterly period was reported as $387,952 million Euros. It was showing a 0. 7% change from the previous quarterly period with a 1. 9% change from the previous year. Italy, 2008) As of May 2008, the employment rate status was 23,229 and the unemployment rate was 6. 5%. The total imports of goods and services in May 2008 amounted to $40,150 million Euro. Total exports of goods and services in May 2008 amounted to $39,688 million Euro. SDDS data reported the revenue of 2007 being $724,246 million Euro. (Italy, 2008) The Sun fa cility is located in Milan, Italy. Domestic Economy Results As of August 2008, Sun Microsystems reported its fiscal results. The revenue for the fiscal year was $13,888 billion. Revenue results for Q4 of fiscal 2008 are $3. 780 billion. Net-income for the fiscal 2008 earnings is $88 million. Cash earnings from operations of fiscal year are $1. 3 billion. (â€Å"Sun Microsystems,† 2008) 12 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 9 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL DEMOGRAPHICS On July 2007, a census reported the population of Italy to be 58,147,733 residents approximately. (Intute-World Guide, 2006/2008) The total residents in the labor force as of 2007 were 24. 86 million. The exports of Italy are engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals, food, beverages and tobacco, minerals and nonferrous metals. The country of Italy has boundaries to Austria, France, San Marino, Slovenia, Switzerland and the Vatican City including a coastline that spans 7,600 kilometers. (Intute-World Guide, 2006/2008) There are eight seaports, Augusta, Genoa, Livorno, Ravenna, Sarroch, Taranto, Trieste, and Venice. Italy has one gas pipeline and one oil pipeline. Two types of railways and 612 merchant ships are available to carry commercial or industrial cargo. (CIA-The World, 2008) Population According to The World Fact Book, the population of Italy was 58,145,321 as of July 2008. The median age of the male was 41. 4 years. The median age for the female was 44. years. The census of 2001 showed literacy rate for the male population as 98. 8% and the literacy of the female population as 98%. In a census as of 2006, school age expectancy for males was 16 years and school age expectancy was 17 years for females. (CIA-The World, 2008) 13 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 10 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONA L POLITICS According to the Maps of the World, there are three government components in Italian politics executive, legislature, and judiciary. (Government and, 2008) The executive area is in essence the Prime Minister while judiciary has control over legal power of the country. Italian citizens are permitted to vote at the age of 18. They can choose from a multiple list of governmental parties listed in Appendix B. (Government and, 2008) 14 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 11 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: INTERNATIONAL SWOT Even though Sun has a facility in Italy, a SWOT analysis must be followed to ensure business operations move smoothly. SWOT analysis is defined by Bnet. com as, â€Å"an assessment of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. SWOT analysis is used within organizations in the early stages of strategic and marketing planning. It is also used in problem solving, decision making, or for making staff aware of the need for change. It can be used at a personal level when examining your career path or determining possible career development. † (Cnet Networks Inc, 2008) In essence, the SWOT analysis is used to guide a business with structure and conformity. SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis shows how strengths and weaknesses are internal whereas opportunities and threats are external. Using that philosophy, Sun must keep track of strengths or business advantages at their Milan facility. Sun should consider how to improve the current business status by increasing revenue in the technical market. When a business keeps aware of opportunities, it can improve their status. A few examples provided by QuickMBA. com are, â€Å"an unfulfilled customer need, arrival of new technologies, loosening of regulations, and removal of international trade barriers. † (Swot Analysis, 1999/2007) For example, currently Sun has a few facilities with trade barriers so should they be lifted that will allow easier delivery of product and building of revenue. Furthermore, Sun has 10 General Prohibition restrictions with specific countries and customers. (Sun Microsystems, 1994/2008) These restrictions protect Sun as well as their employees. 15 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 12 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: GLOBAL BUSINESS STRATEGIES The three strategies business owners can choose from when determining what will work best for their business strategy on a global scale are multi-domestic, global, and transnational. The multi-domestic business strategy focuses on all overseas countries the firm has operations. The global strategy focuses on how products are delivered to the countries. According to Cangemi, â€Å"a transnational strategy seeks to combine aspects of both multidomestic and global strategies in order to emphasize both local responsiveness and global integration and coordination. † (Cangemi, 2008) Five Business Level Strategies Sun builds benefit from the five business level strategies that are cost leadership, differentiation, focused low cost, focused differentiation, and integrated strategy. Sun recognizes five items their business could face while attempting to improve. These items known as Porters Five Forces are competitive rivalry, power of suppliers, power of buyers, threats of substitutes, and threats of new entrants. A visual of Porters five forces is displayed in Appendix A. (Recklies, 2007) Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"Try not to become a man of success but rather to become a man of value. † (Success Quotes, 1994/2007) Sun delivers value to their consumers both domestic and international. Sun has grown to a successful business because of their continuous years of hard work from the CEO and all employees. Sun has proven to succeed in business it takes dedication, communication, and the willingness to work outside of the box. 16 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 13 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: CHANGE MANAGEMENT Since 1982, Sun Microsystems has followed a structured business plan of goals for company products, services and higher revenue earnings. The 1980’s was a time for many companies to begin automating their systems. While some companies were just beginning to automate, Sun introduced its first workstation for businesses. In 1983, Sun opened the first facility overseas in Europe to expand products and increase revenue. Server Management In 2000, Sun customers who purchased high-end servers experienced a memory glitch error. Because of the error’s location, a statement was released on anonymity. The CIO stated, â€Å"Sun has taken an aggressive approach to addressing these issues with our customers. We have identified the source of the problem and taken steps to ensure that it does not happen again. † (Wagner, 2000, 10) Executives have said even though consumers were requested to sign a nondisclosure agreement to protect proprietary information, Sun plans to releasing a system board before the New Year that should resolve this error. Just as a gardener pull weeds for vegetables growth, Sun executives train personnel so they can grow within the business and excel. 17 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 14 SUN MICROSYSTEMS: STRATEGIC CHANGE In December 2002, Sun Microsystems accomplished one more business goal after automation of their data center. Gordon Haff, analyst at Illuminata explains, Making effective use of data-center assets always has been an issue, but it’s been exacerbated by the technology build-out of a few years ago. People would be very happy with a magic solution that allowed 1,000 servers to be managed as easy as one server, but that doesn’t exist today, software developments such as IBM’s Project eLiza, Hewlett-Packard’s Adaptive Management Platform, and Sun Microsystems’ N1 are steps in the right direction. (Greenemeier, 2002) Product Upgrade In April 2004, Sun Microsystems performed a product upgrades to Linux that provided business consumers desktop ease. This Linux version provides a newer version of Enterprise Java desktop. Not only that, system administrators can now control the entire desktop from a central platform. Chris Maresca, senior partner from Olliance Consulting states, â€Å"The desktop is one of the largest cost components of any modern corporation. When you layer on top of that the cost of server-based productivity apps tied to desktops, like Exchange, and you factor in the support costs for the desktops, servers and updates/security patches, plus mandatory hardware upgrades every few years, [the migration case] becomes even more compelling. † (Rooney, 2004) 18 History, Strategy, International 19 Storage Management In 2004, an upgrade that brought positive results to Sun was in the data management department. Sun announced the products StorEdge 6920 and Sun StorEdge 9990 storage devices. Marc Canepa, executive vice president of Sun Microsystems storage products says, â€Å"We don’t think of storage as a separate company that just happens to be owned by Sun Microsystems, just like we don’t believe that the strategy to reduce cost and complexity is one of going to a customer and taking over the whole operation. † (Fonseca, 2004) Open Source Management The strategy for this project has increased as time progressed because it is a very important product. An example of this is Sun classifying commercial open-source business strategies into four categories. Driver, Feinberg, and Weiss listed them in a Sun Microsystems Open Source 2008 report as: Sponsor open-source projects and solutions as an active member of a community, leverage open-source software embedded in other products and services, support and integrate selected products and services with open-source solutions, and provide direct, commercialized products and services of open-source solutions. (Driver Feinberg, 2008) History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 14 IMPLEMENT PLAN OF CHANGE Sun Microsystems provides a vast amount of products, which support multiple needs of customers. To ensure the best strategy, Sun Microsystems must implement a plan to improve their current strategic position. When a business uses one strategy continuous, employees tend to become complacent then fall into a comfort zone. When Sun implements a new strategy, they could experience some resistance from employees because they did fall into that comfort zone. Implement Change When a business is ready to improve, management needs to be aware of three things, people, communication, and training. As John Kline explains in his article, â€Å"Implementing organizational change is a difficult and critical task. It has always been that way and is getting more so with the accelerated rate of change in most organizations. † (Kline, 2007) Employees must be aware of the changes made and how it will affect them. It is important for managers to stay communicated with their staff and keep them informed of any changes as they take place. During the process, managers should be training employees so they are prepared for the new conversion. 20 History, Strategy, International CHAPTER 16 IMPROVEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Sun has a scheduled budget for research and development. The current strategy has allowed this company the ability to build a strong position in technology. Sun purchased a software company to complete a software collection for service-oriented architecture (SOA). Unfortunately, since this purchase Sun has not regained any lost ground. Sun must research what is currently available for storage management software and reconsider improving the plan for usage in mainframe systems. Sun should make a plan of time to review servers being sold. For example, newer technology will allow the company to provide things which older technology could not. A question Sun Microsystems must consider is how to manage replacements of damaged servers from customers when those particular servers have been replaced with newer models. Perhaps it is an opportunity for Sun to offer their customers a discount in such cases. In conclusion, Sun has built a strong business strategy to satisfy commercial and consumer buyers with multiple products. Because marketing is their responsibility, they must track sales and competition then readjust as necessary. Sun Microsystems is a defined and trusted computer corporation that international and domestic markets will work with. 1 History, Strategy, International 22 References Cangemi, R. R. (2008). The Formulation of an International Strategy. Pace University. p26-4. CIA-The World Factbook Italy. (2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008, from CIA Web site: https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/it. html Cnet Networks Inc. (2008). SWOT Analysis Definition. In BNet. com. San Francisco: C net Networks, Inc. Driver, M. , Feinberg, D. Weiss. (2008). Open Source at Sun Microsystems, 2008 (Research Note G00156448). Denver, CO: Gartner. Fonseca, B. (2004, September 20). Sun, HP Focus on Storage; Goal is to simplify SAN management. Eweek, p. 31. Government and Politics in Italy. (2008). San Jose, CA: MAP XL Inc. Greenemeier, L. (2002, December 2). Automating the Data Center. InformationWeek (917), 65. Guth, R. A. , Clark, D. (2004, April 5). Peace Program-Behind Secret Settlement Talks: New Power of Tech Customers; Microsoft, Sun Bury Hatchet, As Big Clients Demand Products Work Together; Gates Spotted in Enemy Camp. Wall Street Journal, p. A1. Hoovers. (2008). Sun Microsystems Executives [Data]. Available from Hoovers, http:// www. hoovers. com/free/co/people. html? ID=14833 Intute-World Guide. (2008). (Original work published 2006) Retrieved August 7, 2008, from Intute Web site: http://www. intute. ac. uk/sciences/worldguide/html/ 920_people. html History, Strategy, International 23 Italy: Economic and financial data. (2008) Retrieved on August 9, 2008 from http://www. istat. it/fmi/ITALY-NSDP. html#Real_Sector Johnson, M. (1992, November 16). Sun , HP Rev Workstations. Computerworld, p. 4. Johnson, R. (2008, March 10). Sun and Microsoft Expand Investment In Interoperability With New Center in Redmond, WA. Sun News. Kline, John A. (2007, January 1). How to implement change in your organization: the key: communicate, communicate, communicate. The Free Library. Recklies, D. (2007, December 30). Porters Five Forces. The Manager. org. Rooney, P. (2004, April 19). Migrating To LINUX. CRN, pp. 28. Success Quotes [Albert Einstein Quote]. (2007). (Original work published 1994) Retrieved August 17, 2008, from Quotations Page Web site: http:// www. quotationspage. com/subjects/success/ Sun Microsystems Export Prohibitions Disclaimer [International Trade Services]. (2008). (Original work published 1994) Retrieved August 17, 2008, from Sun Microsystems Web site: http://www. un. com/sales/its/prohibitions. html Sun Microsystems Reports Final Results for Full Fiscal Year and Fourth Quarter 2008. (2008, August). Sun Newsletter. Sun Microsystems, Inc. (2008). History. Retrieved from Sun Microsystems, Inc. , http://www. sun. com/aboutsun/company/history. jsp Sun Solutions Center: Milan, Italy. (2008) Retrieved on August 9, 2008 from: Sun Microsy stems: http://www. sun. com/solutioncenters/locations/milan/ Sun’s Open Source Experiment. (2008, January). IT Week, 13. History, Strategy, International 24 SWOT Analysis. (2007). Original work published 1999) Retrieved August 17, 2008, from Quick MBA Web site: http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/swot/ Wagner, M. (2000, Nov 13). Sun under Fire for Crashes – IT Execs Say Server Vendor was Unresponsive; Hardware Fix for Memory Glitch is coming. Internetweek, PG10. History, Strategy, International CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICATION NATIONAL AMERICAN UNIVERSITY GRADUATE STUDIES Submitted to: Dr. Richard H Gayer Submitted by: Susan L. Elvins Course: Strategy and Policy Date of Submission: September 11, 2008 Certificate of Authorship I hereby certify that I am the author of this document and any assistance I received in How to cite Sun Microsystems Strategic Positioning, Papers

Case Study & Analysis

Question: Case Study: Everyday leadership decisions can have an impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of functioning teams. Answer: Introduction: The assignment deals with a case study that highlighted the importance of management style for the effective performance of an organization. The case study focuses on to a non-profit organization namely Helping Hands. The study highlighted the fact that Dharma, the owner of Helping Hand has able to manage the company over the period of five years very effectively. However, economic down turn has increases the need for the services from the organization, which Helping Hand has found extremely tuff to manage properly. However, the increase in the need has induces Dharma to take some emergency management decision so that the company can able to handle the crisis. The study mentioned the fact that the focus organization has faced issues in managing this increase need because of the lack of training and knowledge of the employees. In fact, one of the trusted volunteer of the organization Mark was so much disappointed with the management that he does not want to work for the company anymor e. This induces Dharma to rethink about the implemented management strategy so that the organization can able to handle both internal as well as the external challenges much more effectively. Research: According to Shao, Feng and Hu (2015) leadership is a process that has the capability to influence an individual or group of employees to give their best effort so that the organization can actually able to achieve the goal of the organization. Decision making process is one of the major tool for implementing effective leadership or management style for the company. In this case study, it was mentioned that Dharma who is the owner of the Helping Hand has able to manage the company effectively before the increase in the need for services has arise. However, management of Helping Hand has tries to implement strategies to fill up gaps s that the organization can somehow manage the crisis (Gosling et al. 2012). Therefore, Jenny was given the responsibility to manage and train the volunteers without any proper training. This has created difficulties in the internal organization process. Since, Mark mentioned that Jenneys leadership has created groups or division within the members of the organization. In fact, Jenny was found to criticize employees publicly even for minimal mistakes. According to Renko et al. (2015) the concept of leadership is continuously evolving as organizations have to face different types of challenges every day. As a result, leaders or managers of an organization have to have specific set of skills and knowledge in order to overcome difficult situation of the organization much more effectively. However, Helping Hand does not provide enough training to Jenny on the kind of approach she has to take so that the organization can able to motivate all its volunteers to give their best effort to achieve organizational goal (Sehrawat and Sharma 2014). As a result, Jennys leadership approach has gone in completely different direction as compared to the organizational goals. It was found that in spite of encouraging the volunteers to give their best for the organization, she behave rudely with the volunteers, which completely de-motivated all the employees. As opined by Saleem, Saqib and Zahra (2015) no organization can work effectively without havi ng motivated employees. Therefore, it can be said that the prime difficulties that Helping Hand is facing is because of the ineffective leadership or man management style. Hence, Dharma or management of the company will have to restructure its present level of leadership style so that the company can able to manage the present level of crisis. Analysis: According to Solomon, Costea and Nita (2016) leadership is arguably the most important factor within the organization. Since, it has the capability to utilize all the resources of an organization in such a way that it can able to meet the objective of the company. As mentioned earlier, Helping Hand needs to restructure its leadership style in such a way that it can actually able to motivate all its volunteers to achieve organizational goals. According to Mwenda and Wachira (2015) employee motivation not only helps the organization improve present level of efficiency but also have positive impact on the communication process among the employees. Effective communication helps organization to develop cohesiveness among the employees. In addition, Helping Hands deals in the non-profit sector. Therefore, most of employees of the organization work as a volunteer. Therefore, management style of the organization will have to be develop in such a way in which all the employees can able to fee l them as an essential part of the organization (Lamdin 2012). This not only increases bonding between management and volunteers but will also induce them to give their best at the workplace so that the organization can actually able to fill up the increase in the need of the society. As per the article by Wilson and Thompson (2014) developing team for handling the responsibility of the organization is one of the prime objective of the leaders. Specifically, in the non-profit organizations, team development is extremely important. Since, the prime objective of the company is to provide help for the society. It demands the entire organization to be on the same page (Cunningham, Salomone and Wielgus 2015). Otherwise, the company might not able to fulfill the objective. In case of Helping Hand, Jennys rude behavior with the volunteers has created many groups within the organization. It highlighted the fact that the management has selected wrong person for the providing training to the employees. In addition, lack of communication between Jenny and Dharma is also can be identified in this study, which created a major negative impact on the leadership style. As per the article by Hackman and Johnson (2013) the capability of leaders is tested at the most when they have to manage employees of an organization that is going through the transition period. In this case also Dharmas leadership style was found to be not worthy as one of the senior volunteer of the company has express to leave the organization. To implement any change or increase the responsibility of the employees, management first have to estimate the kind of future impact this can made on the employees motivation level. The management also does not express any concern before selecting an individual for performing a particular management job (Style, Beale and Ellery 2012). As a result, the personnel found to be wanting at the time of execution of the organization plan. Hence, the case study highlighted the fact that leadership is a kind of skill, which not everyone has equally. Therefore, it is up to the management of the organization to implement right strategy so that the rig ht person can be selected from the lot, which will help the organization to meet its objective. Conclusion: The above analysis have identified the fact that the focus organization Helping Hand does not focus too much on the kind of negative impact that an ineffective leadership style can have on the daily processes of the company. Since, it has managed to see only success from the starting time of the organization. It might induce the management or Dharma to become a little overconfident that the company has the potential to handle any situation without proper guidance. As a result, Jenny was given the responsibility to handle the volunteers without any briefing from the management level on what exactly she has to do to perform her role effectively. It increases the stress level of Jenny. For obvious reason, no stressed-out management can manage any organization or a group of employees effectively, which happens in case of Jenny as well. As a result, Helping Hand has experiences volunteers whom are completely de-motivated towards their work. It also induces them to create sub groups within the organization, as they were not given the opportunity by the management to share their view on what kind of strategy that the company needs to adopt to manage this crisis situation effectively. Recommendation: From the above study, it can be identified that Helping Hands present leadership style will not help the company in any form to face the organizational challenges. Hence, Helping Hand firstly need to develop a develop a proper work culture within the organization in which every employees or volunteers will be given the opportunity to express their views and thoughts before implementing any important strategic decision. This is important because it not only affects the motivation level of the employees but also help the company to develop a team, which will work together to meet the organization goal of the company. In the present situation, the management first has to inform and educate the employees regarding the present situation of the economy so that the employee can able to understand the importance of giving extra effort for the well being of the society. The management also has to evaluate the future impact of any strategy before implementation. It will help the company to pre pare to overcome the challenges of the implemented strategy much more effectively. The organization can also influence other people from the society to work for the well-being of the society. As it not only help to minimize the pressure from the present number of volunteers but will also have a positive impact on the implemented strategy of the company. References: Cunningham, J., Salomone, J. and Wielgus, N., 2015. Project Management Leadership Style: A Team Member Perspective.International Journal of Global Business,8(2). Gosling, J., Sutherland, I., Jones, S. and Dijkstra, J. (2012).Key concepts in leadership. Los Angeles: SAGE. Hackman, M.Z. and Johnson, C.E., 2013.Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press. Lamdin, K. (2012).Finding Your Leadership Style. New York: SPCK. Mwenda, L. and Wachira, A., 2015. Effects of Leadership Styles on Implementation of Organization Strategic Plans in Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi. Renko, M., El Tarabishy, A., Carsrud, A.L. and Brnnback, M., 2015. Understanding and measuring entrepreneurial leadership style.Journal of Small Business Management,53(1), pp.54-74. Saleem, M.A., us Saqib, N. and Zahra, S., 2015. Impact of job engagement and team processes on organizational learning: examining moderating role of leadership style.Studies,4(1). Sehrawat, A. and Sharma, T., 2014. Leadership and Conflict Management Style among Indian Managers.International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research,5(5), pp.145-152. Shao, Z., Feng, Y. and Hu, Q., 2015. Effectiveness of top management support in enterprise systems success: a contingency perspective of fit between leadership style and system life-cycle.European Journal of Information Systems. Solomon, I.G., Costea, C. and Nita, A.M., 2016. Leadership versus Management in Public Organizations.Economics, Management and Financial Markets,11(1), p.143. Style, C., Beale, N. and Ellery, D. (2012).In business and battle. Farnham, Surrey: Gower. Wilson, E.R. and Thompson, L., 2014, January. An Examination of How Leadership Style Influences Team Performance through Conflict. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 11101). Academy of Management.

The Treatise On Laws -- Main Ideas Essays - Religious Law

The Treatise On Laws -- Main Ideas The Treatise on Laws is a collection of medieval texts pertaining to laws and their distinctions. Apparently compiled in the twelfth century by Gratian, a person whose origins are still contested, it consists of 20 sections labeled distinctions. Each distinction is further separated into parts and cases, each which serve to convey one particular idea. Although various differing ideas are presented in the treatise, there is a central theme evident which is, to borrow directly from Gratian, the harmony of discordant canons, or how completely different sets of laws can mesh together. The treatise begins by saying that the human race is ruled by two things, namely, natural law and usages. Natural law is defined by Gratian as the law put forth in the gospel, or law where each person is commanded to do to others what he wants done to himself. Since the gospel is taken by many to be the word of god, natural law is also known as divine law. This is seen as law that is intrinsically moral and infallible because they come directly from god. Usage is defined as laws that come about as laws that come about as a natural byproduct of human society. These laws can be known as human law, as they are created exclusively by humans. Divine law stays the same for all peoples according to Gratian, but human law varies because different things please different people. Furthermore, divine law takes precedence over human law. When conflict occurs, as Gratian says Imperial ordinances are not above the ordinance of god.(33) But he continues, saying that secular laws are not to be rejected, ?whenever these are opposed to evangelical and canonical decree, they are worthy of all reverence. Gratian makes the point that divine laws define morality and human laws are not necessarily moral, just practical. He gives the example in Distinction 1 that it is moral to walk through someone's property, but nit necessarily legal. According to Christian faith , a moral Christian life gets one into heaven. So seeing as human laws are not necessarily moral, and morality is sometimes not legal, a conflict occurs. The moral Christian could decide to live in accordance to divine law, not considering human law, and suffer in the material world in order to gain the greater reward (eternal paradise). As Gratian says, divine and human law are separate, but can work together or conflict. The Treatise on Laws serves to fully explain the laws and their meanings. Religion Essays

Free Essays on An Irish Airman Foresees His Death

The idea of war brings to mind a noble cause, or a love of country. This is not so in the poem â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death.† William Butler Yeats uses the speaker of this poem to convey the theme: even in the face of death, joy can be found. The pilot does not hate those that he fights against. Ireland did not have many direct enemies, except for those that kept them from living free. But, being under British rule and fighting for them, especially for a cause that made no sense to the pilot, did not evoke many feelings of love either. When the speaker states of his country that â€Å"No likely end will bring them loss Or leave them happier than before,† he knows that Kiltartan Cross and therefore he, will not be affected by the outcome of the war. Kiltartan’s people have nothing left to lose and therefore cannot be brought loss. This shows that the pilot knows that he is fighting for a cause in which he has no stake in. The speaker is charac terized with bravery, courage, and humility in saying that â€Å"Nor law, nor duty bade me fight, Nor public men, nor cheering crowds.† The pilot is not interested in the honor he will gain and obviously has no sense of patriotic duty to a country that is not his own. The pilot is choosing to fight for a cause he does not understand simply because he wants to fly. Unlike many of his countrymen, the pilot wanted to fly and fight for Britain, which is shown through his â€Å"lonely impulse of delight.† The pilot has accepted that he will fight for a cause in which he has no belief only to die â€Å"somewhere among the clouds.† He has reached an attitude of indifference which enables him to engage in his love of flying and fight for a lost or misunderstood cause. The pilots disregard for everything else in life except flying illustrates that he may be a young man, in the prime of his life, with no family to look after or other responsibilities. Understanding that death is immine... Free Essays on An Irish Airman Foresees His Death Free Essays on An Irish Airman Foresees His Death The idea of war brings to mind a noble cause, or a love of country. This is not so in the poem â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death.† William Butler Yeats uses the speaker of this poem to convey the theme: even in the face of death, joy can be found. The pilot does not hate those that he fights against. Ireland did not have many direct enemies, except for those that kept them from living free. But, being under British rule and fighting for them, especially for a cause that made no sense to the pilot, did not evoke many feelings of love either. When the speaker states of his country that â€Å"No likely end will bring them loss Or leave them happier than before,† he knows that Kiltartan Cross and therefore he, will not be affected by the outcome of the war. Kiltartan’s people have nothing left to lose and therefore cannot be brought loss. This shows that the pilot knows that he is fighting for a cause in which he has no stake in. The speaker is charac terized with bravery, courage, and humility in saying that â€Å"Nor law, nor duty bade me fight, Nor public men, nor cheering crowds.† The pilot is not interested in the honor he will gain and obviously has no sense of patriotic duty to a country that is not his own. The pilot is choosing to fight for a cause he does not understand simply because he wants to fly. Unlike many of his countrymen, the pilot wanted to fly and fight for Britain, which is shown through his â€Å"lonely impulse of delight.† The pilot has accepted that he will fight for a cause in which he has no belief only to die â€Å"somewhere among the clouds.† He has reached an attitude of indifference which enables him to engage in his love of flying and fight for a lost or misunderstood cause. The pilots disregard for everything else in life except flying illustrates that he may be a young man, in the prime of his life, with no family to look after or other responsibilities. Understanding that death is immine...

HOW DEVELOPMENT LEADS TO DEMOCRACY BY RONALD INGLEHART AND CHRISTIAN Essay

HOW DEVELOPMENT LEADS TO DEMOCRACY BY RONALD INGLEHART AND CHRISTIAN WELZEL - Essay Example The second is the apparent import-substitution strategies of â€Å"backward nations† such as Cuba, Myanmar, and North Korea which have grown the least in terms of political and economic growth. Finally, in contrast to backward nations, the democratization of South Korea and Taiwan confirm the logical flow of liberal economic policies leading to democratic political awareness to further growth and modernization. One of the more ambiguous arguments posited by the author, which may need further investigation is that correlations do not necessarily mean causality. In fact, in a system of institutions, the argument of endogeneity, that is, what really leads to what is often the case of debate. Is it that modernization causes democracy or democracy causes modernization? Even so, there are so many other variables in a system that can cause democracy or modernization. Finally, it is important to note that modernization, according to the author is a syndrome of social changes linked to industrialization, which penetrate all aspects of life, bringing occupational specialization, urbanization, rising educational levels rising life expectancy, and rapid economic growth. All these seem very promising, especially in the lieu of democratic institutions which promote equal and equitable social

Parphrase for ibrahim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Parphrase for ibrahim - Essay Example Pin 4 – The function of Pin number 4 is that of Reset. From the word on go, the Rest Pin stays within the state of High state connectivity in the form of resistance of 100 kilo resistor. The relational voltage in this accord is that of 0.8 Volts as a whole. The 555 timer based oscillator is actually a specific type of circuit that produces high intensity based and swiftly moving waveforms. The output frequency of these waveforms is alterable through the connection of an RC circuit by attaching a single capacitor and a pair of resistors. The circuit so obtained makes up for a particular form of flexible oscillator that produces square waveforms which themselves are relatively static in their outlook. The given waveforms may end up with a specific frequency ranging up to as high as 500 kHz and further more it assists the duty cycles which can provide the wavelength of as high as up to the range of fifty to a hundred percent. In contrast to the mono stable set of circuits which halts its movement through the course of given time is lapsed, oscillator circuit at hand enables the function of re-triggering mechanism obtained through the meddling of the trigger input pin Number two along with the given sixth Pin that are explained above and each operating to a specific threshold voltage. The scenario can be explained as following. The given set of oscillator circuit, Two pins, one Pin number Two and the second number that of Pin number six are used in the given coordinated combinational uniformity. The given combination enables for the process of a self-triggering formula in every round trip. This in turn enables the circuit to operate as the running oscillator. The aforementioned circuit is also given another name and that is the voltage-to-frequency converter. The name is given on the account of fact that the overall external frequency is variable in nature through the alteration of the internal voltage variation. Pin number five often serves for

Internet Responsible For Social Changes In Teenagers Media Essay

Internet Responsible For Social Changes In Teenagers Media Essay In 1950s, the first electronic computer was invented. This made work of day to day life very easy for the working population. But later in 1980s, the first world-wide Internet Protocol Suite was regulated and the world-wide network of all the computers interconnected through IP/TCP was called INTERNET. Then it started bringing reforms in working style, schools and education and recreational activities. Later, social networking sites were first introduced. Lately, internet has caused a very long term drastic changes in peoples day to day life. It has made communication so much easier that its use is rapidly increasing and is affecting the population of all the age groups. The age group which is most affected are the teenagers. Internet has provided them with different recreational activities with the most popular activity called social networking.https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMqZ1A1zeDwP0yV-b4nESmkwniM9HVD7ZknVD-eniLYB0-A1aNngZCorSPENMI-qynnIc_sy8vnpZs_OJ4TjY8wl8Rjv_1w6ISVhJcFjuprty9N-nNrnjNeJwJ5LZY3zZ8NmEuY5x0yXg/s320/internet.gif à ¢- Ãƒ ¢- Ãƒ ¢-  Frequently children in 4th-6th grade levels engage in social networking activities. In the process they post personal, potentially exploitable, information about themselves online. Specifically, and within the last school year: 16% posted personal interests online, 15% posted information about their physical activities and 20% gave out their real name. In addition, 5% posted information about their school, 6% posted their home address, 6% posted their phone number and 9% posted pictures of themselves. This has led to child abuse which include kidnapping and raping that disrupts a kids childhood. à ¢- Ãƒ ¢- Ãƒ ¢-  Why I Chose This Topic? I chose this topic because in myself think that I have lately been using a lot of resources from internet for my educational work as well as recreation and fun. I have been using facebook very much lately and that has directly reflected on my grades in the exams that I gave lately. This addiction is so intense that I have to spend 2 hours of my time on facebook every day. So I have decided to research about how internet has affected my life? Global Perspective Internet gives us access to virtually unlimited amount of knowledge and information. The days are gone when teenagers had to flip through the books. Internet has made this very easier and books have been replaced by laptops and desktop-computers. These have made international cross communications very easier and have introduced different life concepts and cultures amongst the teenager who use internet. As the statistics suggests, 98% of the population aged from 18-24 uses social media too frequent in their day to day life. Worldwide, there are more than 1 billion user active users for the big three Microsofts Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail and Gmail. The international schools in MEDCs (more economically developed countries) like USA and UK encourage the use of internet widely in their type of teaching style. E-mails are used by students to make the communication easier, organised and faster for students and teachers both. GmailÆ’Â   425 million active users in June 2012 HotmailÆ’Â   350 million active users in October 2011 Yahoo MailÆ’Â  310 million active users in October 2011 More than 1.2 billion people across the globe uses worldwide social networking sites very frequently with most of them as children aged fewer than 20s. The survey of Rochester Institute of Technology states that 48% of students 2nd to 4th graders interact with people on social networking sites, while 50% indicate that their parents watch them when they use a computer and they have strict regulations over how to use internet and time limits for use of internet. But Harris Interactive-McAfee said that 63% of teenagers said that they know how to hide what they browse online from their parents. This suggests that the teenagers are slipping out of their limits and exploring data in the internet that they are not supposed to. Social networks are becoming more frequently used for dating purposes for teens. As suggested by Harris Interactive-McAfee survey, 52% of teens have given out personal information online to someone they dont know offline including personal photos and/or physical descriptions of themselves (24%). Statistics of the girls (34%) suggest that more girls have shared their personnel details than boys (15%). National Perspective- INDIA Introduction to diverse life concepts and cultures Development and introduction of internet through India has introduced many life concepts, different ideologies, cultures and different concepts on the very basic notion of how to live life. From cultures of the western world to cultures of remote civilizations,  it is said that the internet has made perception of life in general, extremely individualistic. Even if most of the Indian teenagers have not been abroad, but you can still see a part of them turning into western type culture. Exposure to vices and bad habits Internet is a pool of unlimited amount information. This cannot be always thought in a good way because this information portal has no device of filtering information for teenagers in India. Lets consider a typical global issue of pornography websites. Some of the websites have disclaimers which wares the user and warns them about what they are visiting because of the confirmation of age above 18 is asked. But is that working successfully to stop the teenagers from entering the adult websites? This was just an example. Indian teenagers have free access to information regarding drugs, sexuality and other ill habits that are condoned by the government of India. Concept of friendshipsC:UsersArjun DethaliaDownloads128863011033949093.png 1990: In these times, a friend was the one who youd meet regularly and have fun to gather. At last you would have many everlasting memories. And the communication took place through letters and telephones. When they part-away, there was agony of being separated because of no long distance communication as India was not developed in those times. 2012:  A friend is a person whose profile has been added to your profile and you know him by chatting or in neighbourhood. Communication with him/her takes place through chats and call. There is just a little feel of sadness when your friend drifts away because you could always stay in touch through social networks. Changing norms and traditions Internet has challenged the very thought of traditionalism of a cultural and religious India. In a land where culture, religion and values come before anything else in the world, internet is ruffling quite a few feathers -whether it is challenging traditions of how to build a house, how to use frozen food, how to live a nomadic life by taking backpacking trips or something as absurd as a woman looking up ways of becoming a pilot and a man looking up colleges to study catering. (Indonesia)Abductions and kidnapping have caused a large problem in countries like Indonesia. There have been several cases of kidnapping and child abuse there and police can really not do anything about it as the identity of the internet user is anonymous. Police is nearly impossible to find the culprit. Individual/ Local Perspective Rajkot is a city located in India, Gujarat. It is the 4th largest city in Gujarat and is one of the fastest growing cities in India. As it has gone through a rapid urbanisation, there has been a widespread use of internet since past 10 years. Internet has helped the teens of Rajkot transition in many different ways. Todays Teenagers of Rajkot uses technology more than they ever did. More than 80% of Junior-High students in TGS (The Galaxy School- one of the best schools in Rajkot) have internet access which they use to send and receive email, instant messages, live chat, and more. Well, the schools of Rajkot has tried to introduce education through internet amongst children from which TGS is has been extremely successful. Teens of Rajkot have nearly stopped hanging out with their friends because of internet because they could now; easily chat with their friends through live-chat/conference-calls. Online chatting also has its own hazards. Especially, when talking to strangers online they do not really know who they are. They can be just anybody pretending to be someone else. Many teens of Rajkot have been reported of child abuse and kidnapping happening this way!! And it has come hard on police as there is no way of verifying who have really done this. As far as I have researched, I have to agree that internet harms the teenagers more than they improve them. I am a teenager, 15 years old, and Internet has changed my life to a great extent. It provides me data that I can download and watch free without even paying for it in real life. I have a privilege to use internet whenever I want as far as I use it for something productive. As far as I have researched internet is bad for teenagers life and should be used in limited amounts a day or it could lead to addiction, a permanent physical disorder like weight gaining or could create a barrier between kids and their social life. Thus, I will try to cut down on my internet usage and will try to do my most of the work by many other authentic sources like books and articles. Possible Scenarios:- Cyber-Bullying Cyber-Bullying is a form of bullying that takes place over the internet that maliciously threatens a And humiliates the victim very badly. It was declared a serious crime by National Crime Prevention Council, in 2010.   It has extremely dangerous consequences like emotional distress to victims; from which depression has caused many deaths by suicides committed by youth. It is difficult to prevent as the criminal/s are anonymous and are hard to find. But if society takes necessary actions, the frequency of it occurring can be reduced. Friends and family of victims are also impacted when cyber bullying occurs. They may also feel powerless to stop it or guilty for not having spoken out against the bullying.   Ã‚   Social Development It has been proved that kids who spend more time on social networking cannot converse with people as well as who spend less. This is a real blow to kids development Children cannot therefore not socialize and blend with the people around them. Possible Courses of Action Kids under 15 are less stubborn and easy to control. Parents could just watch over them while they are browsing through internet for studies or anything else that is productive. They could be allotted with time to go online on social networks and chat with their friends or play games. Children that are over 15 are stubborn and are not as easy to control. So there are ways of watching over what they do on internet. Everything except the productive data on internet could be blocked using a software like Cyber-Roam Porn and drug trading is against the rules of using internet for teenagers. It is also legal to some extent in the developed countries. But it is still too harmful to get introduced in teens life. To stop the illegal activities happening on internet, sites that are for above adults should ask for a particular ID that proves that the person is above 18/adult. Drug trading online is illegal in each and every country of the world. There is no way that it could be banned in the country in a short period of time; but awareness can gradually reduce the amount of drug trades over years until it is nearly negligible.

Film “Crash” Essay

The inclusion of the 2006 film â€Å"Crash† in a multicultural psychology class is an interesting way to show that prejudices within certain cultures can develop because they are based on the reality of the situation and that prejudices develop equally within all racial groups. No one group is more or less prone to racial prejudice than any other. â€Å"Crash† is also a study is extremes as virtually every character in the movie presents a view of other races that is based on biases, anger and misconceptions. Unfortunately, two of the scenes in the movie seem to reinforce stereotypes and that was a bit disappointing. The initial scene with Anthony and Peter discussing the stereotypes of being black men in an all white neighborhood and other people shying away from them was impacting and disappointing when it turned out that they two of them were in fact there for nefarious reasons. And, when we discover that Kim Lee’s husband was trafficking in Chinese slaves was also a sad stereotype that made the movie more impacting, but also was a disappointment that the writer resorted to that stereotype. The movie is so full of examples of prejudice that it is hard to determine where the commentary on the racism begins and where it ends. For example, in an early scene, Farhad and Dorri are attempting to buy a handgun from a local gun shop and the store owner immediately assumes that they are Arabs, based on skin color and accent. In a later scene, Dorri is talking with her mother who says, in response to â€Å"raghead† and other slurs spray painted on their store walls, â€Å"they assume we are Muslims when we are Christian†. (Haggis, 2006). The gun store owner reacts with anger assuming that Farhad is a terrorist and attacks him with any number of racial slurs based on his broken English. Farhad assumes that the Caucasian gun store owner was attempting to cheat him and continues with that prejudice later when Daniel arrives to fix the broken lock on the door of his store. One of the saddest commentaries the movie makes on the affects of racism is the scene between Daniel and Farhad, resulting in Farhad’s accusation that Daniel is trying to cheat him. Daniel is one of two characters in the movie who generally is shown as treating people the same regardless of how they treat him. When Jean Cabot has a screaming fit about the fact that she has been robbed at gunpoint by African Americans and that her locksmith is Hispanic, Daniel says nothing, just slams the key on the counter and leaves. He does instigate the attack on Farhad’s store, but that is motivated by the fact that Farhad will not pay him, not by any racial animosity, or at least no animosity that is demonstrated in the movie. Farhad’s daughter Dorri is the only other character whose racial behavior is not offensive. Dorri expressed disappointment at other’s actions towards her father and her father’s actions towards others, but she herself does not exhibit racism. Another interesting study in racism in the movie is in the conversations between Anthony and Peter. At one point, Anthony lectures Peter on the difference between stealing from people outside of the African American community and within the community. He also argues that gangsta rap is a government conspiracy to make the black community fight within itself. Peter shows his racism in his assumption that all country music is a racist plot against African Americans. Later, Peter’s inability to let go of his own joke about the country music costs him his life. In the scene when he is killed, Peter is laughing about the music and virtually picking a fight with the police officer played by Ryan Phillipe who picks him up on a cold night while he is hitchhiking. The officer, Tom Hansen, who has objected to racism over and over throughout the movie to this point, shows his prejudice when Peter says that he wanted to play ice hockey and then get irritated with the way that Peter mocks his music. When Peter finally finds the common ground that could bring them together, a statue of St. Christopher on the dashboard, he fails to come right out and say so. Instead he pulls his own statute out of his pocket. Had he simply spoken instead of taking action, his death could have been avoided. Again, the death is a sad commentary on the way that prejudices develop. When Hansen first encounters racism on the police force, he is offended and wants to be removed from the partner, John Ryan, who was openly racist. Later, Ryan tells him, â€Å"Wait until you lived a little longer† (Haggis, 2006). Ryan’s character is a blatant racist, pulling over the Thayers, a 40-something black couple for no reason other than to screw with them and molest Christine Thayer under the pretense of a search for weapons. Hansen is offended by the way Ryan treats the Thayers and then a night later shoots and kills a black teen, dumps the body and torches his own car to cover the crim. Even the â€Å"good† character is racist in this movie. Ryan explains to the HMO representative Shaniqua why he has developed his racist attitude but does so only after insinuationg that she received her job only because she was a black woman and after insulting her. For her part, Shaniqua could have overcome Ryan’s racism by doing the right thing herself, but because she encountered so much racism over the course of her lifetime, she perpetuated the racism by not doing the right thing and approving additional care for Ryan’s father. Ryan later sort of redeems himself by going into Christine Thayer’s burning car to rescue her after an accident, proving that even a bigot can do the right thing sometimes. In many ways the most disturbing form of racism shown in the movie is that of Jean and Rick Cabot. Jean Cabot explodes in anger after being robbed, attacking her housekeeper for not putting away the dishes from the dishwasher and assuming that her locksmith will sell her house key to gang bangers who will then rob her. By the end of the movie, her attitude is changed when the only one who will come to her rescue is her housekeeper. After getting treatment, she tells her husband that her friend of 10 years wouldn’t come take her to the hospital because she was getting a massage. Her husband and his staff were unavailable and only the housekeeper, whom she had yelled at earlier in the day and was, contemplating firing for no apparent reason, would take care of her. At least her reactions to other races were genuine. More disturbing were the actions of Rick Cabot. He treated all the races as equal stepping stones to his political career. His only question about a hero firefighter was â€Å"Does he look black? † until he learned that the man’s name was Saddam. Then he spent the time yelling at his publicist to find a better way to spin things for him. He allowed his people to offer to fail to prosecute a black detective’s younger brother, peter, for car theft in an effort to add an investigator of color to his inner circle. He ignored evidence that a white cop killed a black cop because the black cop was corrupt, not because the white cop was a racist, which he might have been. The examples of racism in the movie are too frequent to list in a paper. There’s the Puerto Rican/Guatemalan police woman who mocks a Chinese driver for not seeing her â€Å"blake lights† and not being able to see over the steering wheel. Her African American boyfriend tells his mother he’s sleeping with a white woman, explaining to her that it will upset his mother more than saying he’s sleeping with a Mexican. The Chinese woman, Kim Lee, says with authority that Mexicans don’t know how to drive. In a bit part, Tony Danza argues with an African-American television director that his co-star â€Å"sounds less Black† and that his character is supposed to be the smart one. All in all, â€Å"Crash† is an interesting commentary on racism across the culture, showing that many races share the same wrong perceptions of the other races. The movie is one stereotype after another, both coming out of the mouths of the characters, and in the characterization of the people within the movie. However, it is in fact a good way to learn that all cultures make the same mistakes and that they all need to stop making such biased assumptions. WORKS CITED Haggis, Paul. (Writer/Director), 2006, â€Å"Crash† USA: Bull’s Eye Entertainment.